Describe how the company Apple provides useful templates for HR Essay

Describe how the company Apple provides useful templates for HR Management - Essay Example out the steps of service for A-P-P-L-E which is an acronym for the company’s name.Thus, an employee should approach customers with a personalized smile, Probe them politely to understand their needs, Present a solution for the customer to take home today, Listen for and resolve any issues or concerns and lastly End with a fond farewell and an invitation to return. This approach is still very much in use today. Employees get canned for being late-forget the ten minute rule, and make certain that your watch just isn’t behind(or your iPhone for the time).Apple employees can get fired for being more than 6 minutes late,3 times in a 6 month period. Stay positive always-Genius bar employees receive training that trains them how to avoid use of negative language. When faced with a technical issue they cannot solve, they are advised to use â€Å"as it turns out† and not â€Å"unfortunately†. There is specific language that ought to be used while addressing emotional customers. An employee should listen and limit their responses to simple reassurances that an employee is actually actively involved. Words such as ‘I understand’,’Uh-huh’†Apple is pretty controlling†¦to say the least,† Keep your mouth shut-Could look strange that your usual friendly employee is not aware of the widely reported rumors about the iPhone 5? It’s pretty likely to be an act. Employees are always under very strict orders to avoid rumors about any forthcoming products, or prematurely acknowledged widespread technical issues about a current product. Any member of staff found writing about the company is fired. New employees-The newly recruited employees are not allowed direct interaction with the customers. They shadow a more seasoned employee for a few weeks before they are left on their own. Apple’s HR spends a lot of resources and time while training its retail employees, which is something very rare in the low-margin retail industry. Actually Apple’s employees are the best

Horse Industry and Equine Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Horse Industry and Equine Law - Essay Example The animal rights advocates and educators will benefit from this paper because they will be given ample information about equine industry. This paper will highlight the proper training and management of horses - may it be for farming or for racing use. This will also include laws and regulations pertaining to accidents and injuries of and by the horses plus the specific laws of betting in race horses. With such information, they will be armed with enough knowledge on what to promote for or against the common practices of equine management. Managers and owners of equine farms will also greatly benefit from this study as they, too, will know if their management practices and/or approaches are appropriate and legal or not. They will be able to assess if they need to modify their strategies or of they need to seek some consultants and experts regarding in the equine industry. Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing... Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Review of Related Literature Management and Training of Horses For the Horse Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing that the equine farm manager must do. This is because horses that become lame cannot be productive nor useful for the farm anymore, hence most often than not, lame horses are already considered dead. To keep the horses healthy and on top of its shape, the farm caretaker must ensure that it has a well balanced rest and 'work' time. Hoses are like humans, they need to rest and to work at the same time. However, unlike humans, horses will need t have longer hours of working than resting. This is because horses that get longer resting periods become more prone to diseases and thy will eventually "loose conditioning" or "get out of shape" when it is having long periods of rest. Hence to ensure that horses will perform very well, a series of trainings and activities should be that which will involve "cardiovascular fitness, respiratory fitness, thermoregulation, muscle fatigue and skeletal fatigue" (Day, 2002). Ensuring that the cardiovascular organs or body parts of the horses are in good condition will help in instigating a fast and sturdy horse. It should be noted that the normal heart rate horses when resting is 35 beats per minute (bpm) on the average. Meanwhile the normal heart rate of horses during "extremely high intensity"

Do Persisting Objects Endure or Perdure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Do Persisting Objects Endure or Perdure - Essay Example 1). In contrast, the three-dimensionalists tend to put to question this analogy. As per the three-dimensionalists, the persisting things tend to wholly be present at the specific time at which they exist. Again, the four-dimensionalists totally reject this. As per the four-dimensionalists, the persisting objects exist through time by perduring (Sider, 2001, p. 1). Leaving aside the ordinary spatial parts of persisting objects, they also tend to have temporal parts in all the times in which they existed (Gallois 1998, p. 175). So, to put it in simple words, four-dimensionalism happens to be a view regarding the ontological status of objects that are non-present (Hudson 2001). As per the opinion of the Presentists, it is only the present objects that exist. In its simplistic interpretation, as per the Presentists, there exist no Dodos, though such birds existed in the past, there are no urban structures on the moon, though such structures may be erected in the future. In contrast, as p er the four-dimensionalists, there exist both the past and future objects, and whiling asserting so the four-dimensionalists tend to put the past objects, ontologically in tandem with the present objects. ... 8). It will be utterly interesting to try to explain this assertion by taking an analogy. Let us imagine a Girl Josephine, who was born in the year 1972, who got admitted to a school in the year 1977 and graduated from a college in the year 1990. Now the three-dimensionalist approach regarding the existence of Josephine would be that she progressively moved through each of these phases of her life, totally whole and fully complete. Though Josephine was certainly different in each of these successive phases of her life, like she put on weight, she gained height, she got more learned, yet, it was one and the same Josephine, which exited in her entirety at each of these successive phases in her life. Hence, as per the three-dimensionalists, Josephine stands to be an ordinary three dimensional object, and a temporally non-extended persisting object. In other words, as per the three-dimensionalists, Josephine tends to endure as she lasted over time by being wholly present at each of the a bove mentioned successive phases in her life. Such an approach towards reality smacks of a harshly logical interpretation of existence, which leaves no scope for creative imagination and a possible scientific inquiry into the nature of existence through time (Hudson 2006). In contrast, the four-dimensionalist approach towards reality is more solid, replete with creative ingenuity and in tandem with the recent developments in physics and psychology (Hudson 2006). The four-dimensionalists tend to believe that persisting objects tend to perdure, or in other words, the persisting objects happen to last over time, without being wholly present at every successive phase of time in which they happened to exist (Inwagen 1993, p. 173). So, in case of Josephine, the

Horse Industry and Equine Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Horse Industry and Equine Law - Essay Example The animal rights advocates and educators will benefit from this paper because they will be given ample information about equine industry. This paper will highlight the proper training and management of horses - may it be for farming or for racing use. This will also include laws and regulations pertaining to accidents and injuries of and by the horses plus the specific laws of betting in race horses. With such information, they will be armed with enough knowledge on what to promote for or against the common practices of equine management. Managers and owners of equine farms will also greatly benefit from this study as they, too, will know if their management practices and/or approaches are appropriate and legal or not. They will be able to assess if they need to modify their strategies or of they need to seek some consultants and experts regarding in the equine industry. Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing... Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Review of Related Literature Management and Training of Horses For the Horse Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing that the equine farm manager must do. This is because horses that become lame cannot be productive nor useful for the farm anymore, hence most often than not, lame horses are already considered dead. To keep the horses healthy and on top of its shape, the farm caretaker must ensure that it has a well balanced rest and 'work' time. Hoses are like humans, they need to rest and to work at the same time. However, unlike humans, horses will need t have longer hours of working than resting. This is because horses that get longer resting periods become more prone to diseases and thy will eventually "loose conditioning" or "get out of shape" when it is having long periods of rest. Hence to ensure that horses will perform very well, a series of trainings and activities should be that which will involve "cardiovascular fitness, respiratory fitness, thermoregulation, muscle fatigue and skeletal fatigue" (Day, 2002). Ensuring that the cardiovascular organs or body parts of the horses are in good condition will help in instigating a fast and sturdy horse. It should be noted that the normal heart rate horses when resting is 35 beats per minute (bpm) on the average. Meanwhile the normal heart rate of horses during "extremely high intensity"

Chromatography Experiment Essay Example for Free

Chromatography Experiment Essay Aim: To identify different unknown amino acids, within given substances. Apparatus: List 1 List 2 * 2 test tubes * Test tube rack * 2 bungs * 2 pins * 5 known amino acids: * Proline * Leucine * Lycine * Asparagine * Arginine * 1 unknown amino acid * Paper Chromatography * Paper Solvent * Pencil * Ruler * Tweezers * Paper Towel * Pipette * Ninhydrin * Incubator * Scissors * 1 Jam Jar * Treated Orange Juice * Untreated Orange Juice * TLC * TLC Solvent * Pencil * Ruler * Tweezers * Pipette * Paper Towel * Ninhydrin * Incubator Diagram 1: Diagram 2: Method (Part 1): * Cut 2 strips of paper chromatography using tweezers and scissors while resting on paper towel * Measure 1cm from bottom of strip and draw a line across * Draw a cross in the centre of this line * Attach a pin to the top of the chromatography paper, and put pin in bung * Place inside test tube, and measure 5mm from where the bottom of the paper lies, draw a line across the test tube * Do the same with both strips * On the cross put 10 drops of a known amino acid, wait for each drop to dry in between * On other strip put 10 drops of unknown amino acid * Pour paper solvent into both test tubes up to line drawn * Put bung in both test tubes, let solvent work its way up chromatography paper * When near top of paper, take out, and draw line across where solvent has reached. Method (Part 2): * Place TLC on paper towel, draw line across at 1cm from bottom * Draw 2 crosses each 1/4 way across line * On 1st cross put 10 drops of treated orange juice, letting each drop dry in between * On second dot put 10 drops of untreated orange juice * Pour TLC solvent into bottom of jam jar * Using tweezers place TLC into jam jar * Let TLC soak up solvent * When nearly at top take out and draw solvent line across Method (Part 3): * Take the results of method part 1 and 2 and spray all with ninhydrin spray * Place in incubator until amino acids can be seen * Draw lines across where colours end, and work out Rf values for all lines Results Chromatograms: Results Table: Rf value = distance moved by solvent / distance moved by solvent front My Results Solvent Front Substance Front Rf value Treated Orange 4.6 1.8, 2.8, 3.3 0.39, 0.61, 0.72 Untreated Orange 4.7 0.5, 2.0, 2.6, 3.0 0.11, 0.43, 0.55, 0.64 Leucine 7.9 4.7 0.59 Unknown 7.0 4.2, 4.8 0.60, 0.69 Class Results Calculated Rf value Average Actual Rf Proline 0.76 0.87 0.82 0.48 Leucine 0.79 0.59 0.69 0.73 Lycine 0.41 0.45 0.43 0.14 Asparagine 0.26 0.54 0.40 Arginine 0.53 0.53 0.2 Conclusion and Evaluation: From these results I can say that in the unknown substance, were two amino acids, and from what my results tell me, I can predict that they were Arginine and Leucine. The Treated orange juice appeared to have three amino acids in it, my results tell me that these are Asparagine, Arginine and Leucine. The untreated Orange Juice seemed to have four unknown amino acids, my results tell me that these were Asparagine, Lycine, Arginine and Leucine. I could tell this as I matched up the Rf values with the ones that seemed to be the closest match. I know that these results were not that accurate as I know the Rf values for four of them. For Proline the real Rf value is 0.48, but our class results got 0.76 and 0.87 with an average of 0.82. This is clearly wrong. Therefore anything that I have predicted to have Proline in, might not have it in. For Leucine the real Rf value is 0.73, and our class results are 0.79 and 0.59 with an average of 0.69. This is a very close result, so it is quite accurate. So it is likely that if I have predicted it to have Leucine in it, it probably does. For Lycine the real Rf value is 0.14, and our class values are 0.41 and 0.45, with and average of 0.43. This is not a very good match. From this I can tell that anything I have said to have Lycine in it, probably does not have it in. For Arginine the real Rf value is 0.2, and we only have one class result for that and it is 0.53 which is clearly wrong. This shows us that anything I have predicted to have Arginine in, probably wont. For Asparagine, we are not sure of the real Rf value, so I can not tell if our results are right, but guessing from the rest not being accurate, it probably is not. Saying this, not only could our results from the known amino acids be wrong, but also so could our results from the unknown amino acids, and the treated and untreated Orange Juice. This tells me that our results could have been wrong on both accounts, and so could possibly be right! We can not be sure, but we do know that the results for the known amino acids were not as accurate as they should have been. These errors could be down to a number of things. Firstly if we had touched the paper chromatography or TLC at any time we would have left our own amino acids on it, and so our experiment would have been inaccurate. It was very hard not to touch either of these while cutting, or moving to place in test tubes or in jars. It could have been very easy to accidentally touch it, thus messing up the experiment. Another way these errors could have occurred could have been down to making the amino acid drop too big, due to not waiting until it is dry enough to put another drop on. This would have meant that when put in the solvent, the dot would have been emerged in it, and made our results inaccurate. Another way an error could have occurred could be not making the dots as concentrated as they should have been, not counting enough drops of the amino acid onto the paper or TLC. This would have changed our results. Another way would be if when put in the solvent the test tube or jar moved, and splashed the paper or TLC, making the solvent front longer then it should have been, so our calculations would be inaccurate. Another way could be putting too much TLC or Paper solvent into the jar or test tube, thus emerging the dot, making more inaccuracies. If the paper chromatography had been touching the side of the test tube while the solvent was working its way up, then this would have made our results inaccurate as well. All of these errors would make our results inaccurate and less reliable. One way of making our results more accurate would be to get rid of all these errors, which is very difficult as there are so many errors that could be made during this experiment. If I were to do this experiment again, I would start by wearing some rubber gloves, so that if I did touch the paper it would not matter as much. The second thing I would change would to be more accurate when putting the dots on the paper or TLC, making sure that they are dry properly, and that they do not spread too far. Another improvement I would make would be to make sure the paper was not touching the side of the tube, to not move the tube once the paper is in, and to make sure I draw my lines as accurate as I can. Also when I measure them, I will be more precise so that my results will be a lot more accurate then they were this time round.

Causes and Effects of the Air France 447 Crash

Causes and Effects of the Air France 447 Crash Air France Flight 447 was an international, long-haul passenger flight, from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. On 1st June 2009 the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean killing everybody on board. The aircraft is thought to have crashed due to temporary inconsistencies between airspeed measurements, caused by the aircrafts pitot tubes being blocked by ice crystals. Ultimately, the autopilot disconnecting and the crew reacting incorrectly, led the aircraft to an aerodynamic stall from which they did not recover (BEA, 2012). The accident resulted from a combination of factors relating to both the technology of the aircraft and the training of the crew (BEA, 2012). The technological failures were: poor feedback mechanisms, unclear display of airspeed readings, confusing stall warnings, absence of visual information and poor indications by the Flight Director. Failures in training resulted in the crew; not responding to the stall warning, not being trained in icing of the Pitot tubes and lacking practical training in manually handling the aircraft. Moreover, incomprehension of the situation and poor management of emotions weakened the task sharing ability of the co-pilots. This accident has highlighted a number of human automation issues in aviation. Automated flight-control functions can remove some danger from aviation, however it also changes the activities, workloads, situation awareness and skill levels of the operators, which can cause problems (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013). The first problem highlighted by this accident is the crew’s change of role from operator to monitor. Flight deck automation uses the crew’s ability to perform a passive monitoring role, rather than an active operating role. One problem associated with this is a drop in vigilance (Mackworth, 1948), which is exacerbated when a system is highly reliable (Parasuraman, Molloy Singh, 1993). However, these accidents are not human operator errors, they are automation system design errors. More importantly, the crash of Flight 447 was partly attributed due to loss of situation awareness, possibly due to pilots having to perform a passive monitoring role. Monitoring roles can reduce the situation awareness of the current â€Å"flying state† of the aircraft, as well as the awareness of its predicted future behaviour (Sarter Woods, 1995). Lack of situation awareness can also be an outcome of complex automation, such as a having a complicated flight automation system which can result in pilot confusion due to poor interface design. In the case of Flight 447 the BEA (2010) report shows that a poor Human Computer Interface played a main part in the crash. There were a number of reasons for this: the Flight Director display was inaccurate, therefore accounting for most of the wrong pitch-up inputs due to an altimeter error. Airspeed inconsistencies that had been identified by computers were not clearly displayed. Failure messages were generated but only showed the consequences not the origin of the problem. There was no indication of a blocked pitot tube on the flight displays. There was also an absence of Angle of Attack information, which is important in identifying and preventing a stall. This information was sent to on-board computers but there were no displays to convey this information. Furthermore, as the level and complexity of automation increases, the levels of experience and skill needed to be able to recover from a failure or unexpected situation have increased (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013). This is because there is less time for the operator to become aware of and correct developing problems. For example in Flight 447 the crew had less than three minutes to find the problem and take action. Additionally, in the case of aircraft, the ability to recover from a failure or unexpected situation relies on the crews manual flying abilities too. However, with highly automated aircrafts there is a loss of manual flying skills experienced by pilots (Wood, 2004). Fanjoy and Young (2005) found that training and airline policies on automation, often lead to a lack of opportunities to practice resulting in pilot complacency as well as the deterioration of flying skills. Furthermore, Young, Fanjoy and Suckow (2006) found that crews who used the most flight deck automation had poorer manual flying skills than others. This has implications when there is an abnormal situation in which the automation system disengages without prior warning, as the crews will rely on their manual flying skills. Furthermore, automation will maintain stability until it is no longer possible, resulting in the aircraft going out of control as the flight crew take over, meaning crews need to have good manual fl ying skills. A further problem with this is that automation increases mental workload during high-load periods (Funk et al, 1999). This workload problem increases when there are situations that need further mental workload during an already high workload time. When the crew’s workload is high, developing failures of the automation system are more likely to be allowed to develop into a critical situation. For example, if damage has occurred or instrumentation has failed, the Flight Management System advice is often misleading or incorrect, and flight crews can be overloaded with a vast amount of information and alarms, making it difficult to identify what the problem is. For example, the crew of the A447 were faced with more than 50 simultaneous alarms.One alarm after another lit up the cockpit monitors. One after another, the autopilot, the automatic engine control system, and the flight computers shut themselves off (Traufetter, 2010). This lead to them not being able to understand or ide ntify what the problem was before it turned into a critical situation, ultimately ending in disaster. The above problem could be due automation being an inadequate crew member. Automation can act as a poorly trained, incommunicative member of the system’s crew. There is often poor interaction between crews and automation systems (Norman, 1990), yet there is a need for multisensory feedback to crews (Sarter 1999). In order for a crew to achieve a safe level of shared situation awareness, the automated system must become part of the crew. It needs to do this by communicating its adjustments in order to maintain shared situation awareness. Current automated systems may indicate adjustments on a dial or screen, but they do not typically draw attention to them because they lack situation awareness of the â€Å"bigger picture.† Clear communication can prevent accidents. For example in Flight 447 if there would have been clear communication that the pitot tube was frozen then this would have stopped the chain of events from unfolding. To improve automation it is proposed that aircraft should be made into more effective team players. A human–automation team should be defined as â€Å"the dynamic, interdependent coupling between one or more human operators and one or more automated systems requiring collaboration and coordination to achieve successful task completion† (Cuevas, Fiore, Caldwell Strater, 2007). Current automation systems perform as very inadequate team members, leaving the human operators or crew unprepared when failure occurs or unusual events arise. (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013). To improve human-automation interaction, systems should be able to trade and share control so that interacting with a system is more like interacting with a teammate (Scerbo, 2007). Future systems, such as Free Flight, are envisioned to have human–automation teams sharing and trading tasks (Inagaki, 2003) as situational demands change (van Dongen van Maanen, 2005). Such dynamic situations creat e occasions where human–automation teams can implicitly coordinate (Rico, Sanchez-Manzanares, Gil Gibson, 2008) on an almost exclusively cognitive basis (Hoc, 2001). This would enable automation systems to become good team players. Furthermore, good team players make their activities observable for fellow team players, and are easy to direct (Christofferson Woods, 2002). To be observable, automation activities should be presented in ways that capitalise on human strengths (Klein 1998). For example; they should be: Event-based: representations need to highlight changes and events, Future-oriented: Human operators in dynamic systems need support for anticipating changes and knowing what to expect and where to look next and Pattern-based: operators must be able to quickly scan displays and pick up possible abnormalities without having to engage in difficult cognitive work. By relying on pattern-based representations, automation can change difficult mental tasks into straightfo rward perceptual ones. Overall, changes in workload, reduced situation awareness, reduced operator skills, automation failures and unexpected behaviours have caused many accidents over the past three decades, including flight 447. As a result of these factors, manual recovery when the automation system fails is often compromised. These issues may have been exacerbated by having a tightly coupled system. Tight coupling reduces the ability to recover from small failures before they expand into large ones. Tighter coupling between parts spreads effects throughout the system more rapidly. This means that problems have greater and more complex effects that can spread quickly. When automated partners are strong, silent, clumsy and difficult to direct, then handling these demands becomes more difficult. The result is coordination failures and new forms of system failure. Currently it is argued that aircraft systems are only moderately tightly coupled. However, airlines, for financial reasons, are pressing for a r eduction of flight crews from three (pilot, co-pilot, and engineer) to two (pilot and co-pilot) on the grounds that computers and other devices reduce the engineering load. More automation in its system and reducing the number of controllers will lead to much tighter coupling resulting in less resources for recovery from incidents (Perrow, 2011). Now the problems with the automation in Flight 447 have been identified, it is important to understand how safety models contributed to the understanding of the accident and what the implications are for managing safety in the future, to prevent history from repeating itself. The first safety model and safety management strategy is known as Safety-I. According to Safety-I, things go wrong due to technical, human and organisational causes such as failures and malfunctions, with humans being viewed as a main hazard. The safety management principle is to react when something goes wrong; by investigating and identifying the causes of the accident and then trying to eliminate the causes or improve barriers. This results in safety being a condition where the number of adverse outcomes is as low as possible. The principles of safety-1 have been expressed by many different accident models; the best known accident model being the Swiss cheese model (Reason, 1990). This model posits that accidents occur due to multiple factors jointly. These factors align creating a possible trajectory for an accident. These can either be latent conditions, such as problems with the organisation due to its design or management, which are present in the organisation long before an incident is triggered. Active failures are mistakes made by human operators, which when combined with the latent failures, result in an accident. It states that that no one failure, human or technical, is sufficient to cause an accident. Rather, it happens due to the unlikely and often unforeseeable event of several contributing factors arising from different levels of the system. In the case of Flight 447 the model would allow each contributing factor to be identified. For example the technical faults would be: the Human Computer Interface, pitot tubes, controls not being linked between pilots, misleading stall warnings. Human faults would be the Co-pilot pulling back on stick, poor management of startle effect, poor communication and the captain leaving the room. Organisational faults would be poor training, delayed installing new pitot tubes, poor design of HCI. When put together all of these factors played a part in causing the accident. Looking for human errors after an event is a â€Å"safe† choice, as they can always be found in hindsight. Looking and finding human errors makes it easier to find who should be held accountable and where preventative measures should be aimed. However, when â€Å"the cause† has been attributed to individual error, the preventative measures are usually misaimed. Accidents occur from a combination of many factors and by blaming the individual, people often assume that the system is safe, as soon as it can get rid of the â€Å"bad apples†. However more recently, a proactive model of safety has been suggested. Proactive safety management is part of the aim of Safety-II, which argues that focusing on cases of failure does not show how to improve safety and that instead of looking at what goes wrong, there should be a focus on looking at what goes right in order to understand how that happens. In hindsight after an accident, many weaknesses existing in organisations are usually revealed. For example, detect the â€Å"deviations† from rules and regulation and find the â€Å"cause†. However, the fact that something did deviate from a prescribed rule is not necessarily a contributor to an accident or even an abnormal event. On the contrary, adaptations are often a norm rather than an exception (Reimana Rollenhagen, 2011). It should be acknowledged that the everyday performance variability needed to respond to varying conditions is the reason why things go right. Humans are consequently seen as a resource neces sary for system flexibility and resilience. The safety management principle is continuously to anticipate developments and events. When something goes wrong, we should begin by understanding how it usually goes right, instead of searching for specific causes that only explain the failure. This strategy posits that accidents are not resultant but emergent. In consequence of this, the definition of safety should be changed from ‘avoiding that something goes wrong’ to ‘ensuring that everything goes right’. The basis for safety and safety management must therefore be an understanding of why things go right, which means understanding everyday activities. Safety management must be proactive, so that interventions are made before something happens. In the case of Flight 447 safety management needs to ask: What could have been done before that flight to minimise the possible risks associated with it? (McDonald Ydalus, 2010) The risks were built into the operational situation before take-off. Routine measures in advance could not just prevent this accident happening again but provide a more general preventive shield against a wide range of system accidents. This has been explained in a FRAM analysis model (Hollagenel, 2004). In this model there is a need to understand the essential system functions, their variability and how these can resonate, in order to identify barriers for safety. Furthermore, another way to understand why an accident occurred is to determine why the control structure was ineffective (Leveson, 2004). Preventing future accidents requires designing a control structure that will enforce the necessary constraints. In systems theory, systems are seen as hierarchical structures, where each level puts constraints on the activity of the level below. This means that constraints or a lack of constraints at a higher level allow or control behaviour at a lower level (Checkland, 1981). The cause of an accident is viewed as the result of a lack of constraints due to inadequate enforcement of constraints on behaviour at each level of a socio-technical system. The model has two basic hierarchical control structures; one for system development and one for system operation, with interactions between them. Between the hierarchical levels of each control structure, good communication channels are needed. A downward reference channel provides the information needed to apply constraints on the level below and an upward measuring channel provides feedback about how effectively the constraints were applied. At each level, inadequate control may result from missing constraints, inadequately communicated constraints, or from constraints that are not enforced correctly at a lower level. (Leveson, 2011). Therefore, understanding why an accident occurred requires determining why the control structure was ineffective and preventing future accidents requires designing a control structure that will enforce the necessary constraints. Therefore the implications for managing safety are that by combining safety-I and safety-II techniques, so that there is a proactive focus looking at how everyday activities go right, then accidents could be prevented by being able to identify the organisational and societal problems, which can then be changed before an accident happens, for example by making sure the right constraints are in place. Overall, pilots are part of a complex human-automation system that can both increase and reduce the probability of an accident. Training, automation systems, and cockpit procedures can be changed so that certain mistakes will not be made again. However, it could be that with the inclusion of the humans and their variability, there will always be the possibility of an accident. However turning automation systems into effective team players may transform aviation, preventing avoidable catastrophes. Furthermore, safety management strategies should focus on how to be proactive in order to identify potential accidents before they happen, focusing on how variability and adjustments are a part of what goes right in everyday performance, which may prevent accidents from happening.

When Small Worlds Collide :: essays research papers

When Small Worlds Collide The Industrial Revolution provided well-defined boundaries between communities, companies, nation-states, markets, and peoples established by the invention of the railroad. The new era of globalization or Informational Revolution breaks down all of these boundaries and shapes our lives by integrating technology, finance, and information into a single global market. E-Commerce globalization has created a system that is shaped by superpowers, supermarkets, and super-empowered individuals. This new Globalization is a highly complex and interconnected international system of small worlds uniting knowledge ultimately leading to the end cultural wars and ways. The Lexus is what each one and country wants, but what is the price? Cultural Genes Biologists generally agree that the primary force behind evolution in humans is natural selection. With each generation the chromosomes and genes of the parents are scrambled to produce new mixes . The genetic evolution is parallel to the cultural evolution. They are linked and the mind is that linkage. However, there is a boundary between knowledge for the mind and culture. This is not a territorial line, but a broad, unexplored terrain awaiting entry from both sides. Technology is the tool that enters this terrain. Thus, the communal mind created by culture, which is a product of the genetically structured human brain, can now be exposed to all cultures, societies, and ideas. Some of them are Lexus while others are Olive Trees. Everyone can have the same Lexus; however there is only one unique Olive Tree. Identity Crisis â€Å"Few things are more enraging to people than to have their identity or their sense of home stripped away. †¦ Because without a sense of home and belonging life becomes barren and rootless. And life as a tumbleweed is no life at all. Olive trees...represent everything that root us, anchors us, identifies us and locates us in this world†¦.† states Thomas L. Freidman. The underlying message here is fear. Our fear of the unknown, our fear that home will no long be, and our fear of not surviving. The Cold War spawned treaties to protect our Olive Tree from fear of our enemies. Now, the deal becomes the protection from our competitors. But the biggest fear is not from another olive tree, nor the Lexus. It is from the standardizing market forces and technologies of today, which tend to break down communities, steam-roll environments and crowd out traditions. This leads us to a loss of identity which in turn can create a crisis.