Is Autism A Developmental Disorder Essay - 1619 Words

Exploring Autism in Children Rutgers University Atypical Adolescence and Development Professor. Stevie McKenna November 2nd, 2016 Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There is a copious difference between autism and Asperger syndrome, the main difference appearing to be language development. â€Å"The first documented case of autism was published in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner† (Introduction to Autism). This disorder is extremely difficult to diagnose because of the copious different presentations of the symptoms, which leads to misdiagnoses such as ADHD and Rett syndrome. Symptom picture There are core symptoms of Autism that are most commonly seen including, but not limited to, language impairment, social deficits, and repetitive behaviors. There are also associated neurological and systematic issues including, anxiety, sleep deficits, hyperactivity, attention, immune dysfunction, and GI disorders. (Autism Speaks) According to the DSM-V, there are â€Å"persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction† (DSM-V). Regarding deficits in social communication, those with autism spectrum disorder have difficulties speaking to other individuals, haveShow MoreRelatedAutism Is Classified As A Developmental Disorder1281 Words   |  6 Pages(2009), autism is classified as a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, social communication, and an unusually restricted range of behaviors and interests. Along with behavioral and social impairments, a diagnosis of autism also requires a clinically significant delay in lang uage development before the age of three. Asperger Syndrome has similar signs and symptoms to autism without the language delay. Together with Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not OtherwiseRead MoreAutism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder1796 Words   |  8 Pages Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by a person’s difficulty to communicate. This is due to neurological or biological dysfunction, and is usually diagnosed during early childhood. Autism Spectrum Disorder is more prevalent in boys than in girls. These children can present symptoms of limited or no speech development; they only use direct communication for immediate needs such as water, bathroom or sleep. Until today, there is no cure for ASD, but there are many typesRead MoreAutism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder1631 Words   |  7 Pages Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder which many people claim to understand, but few fully do. The extent of most people’s knowledge about autism is seven-year-old white boys who will only talk about cars, Sheldon Cooper of The Big Bang Theory, or â€Å"Rain-man†. These people claim to understand the condition and believe that fighting to â€Å"cure† these people of their autism is the right thing to do. They believe they are good people for speaking for the people â€Å"who can’t speak for themselves†Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Developmental Psychology Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology is a scientific approach that focuses on the ways in which individuals change and evolve across their lifespan, beginning with birth and ending in death. This specific study of the mind and behavior tends to concentrate on the time period from birth to adolescence because this is when the majority of development occurs. This branch of psychology revolves around various types of changes, including behavioral, culturalRead MoreAbout Autism And Pervasive Developmental Disorders Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesAbout Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders By Anne Evans | Submitted On June 25, 2010 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Anne Evans Most people have heard about autism and it is a recognizableRead MoreAutism Is Not A Disease, But A Developmental Disorder Of Brain Function1465 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is not a disease, but a developmental disorder of brain function. People with classical autism show three types of symptoms: impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and imagination, and unusual or severely limited activities and interests. Symptoms of autism usually appear during the first three years of childhood and continue throughout life. Although there is no cure, appropriate management may help with normal development and reduce undesirable behaviorsRead MoreNotes On The Developmental Disorder Asd ( Autism Spectrum Disorder ) Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesQuestion number Answer 1 The qualitative transcript I was given to analyse was about the experiences of 3 adults who have lived with the developmental disorder ASD (Autism-Spectrum Disorder). From these semi-structured interview excerpts I have been given, I have found that those particular adults have struggled very much with trying to control their disorders. This has led me to identify three key themes, each with divided sub-themes: Social H Professional Personal Family Experience ThematicRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, And Pervasive Developmental Disorders1153 Words   |  5 Pages According to Peterson, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and stereotyped interests and activities (as cited in Leifer, 2015, p. 748). However, symptoms and their severity vary greatly in each child. There are three types that have been identified: Classic autism, Asperger syndrome, and Pervasive developmental disorders. The cause of autism is unknown. According toRead More Therapeutic Horseback Riding and Children with Autism Developmental Disorders1659 Words   |  7 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder that affects a person’s social interaction and communication. This disorder is mainly characterized by having difficulty with social interaction, communication, and having restricted behaviors. Difficulty with social interaction means someone will struggle to communicate their feelings/emotions, under stand how others feel or think, develop peer relationships, and understand nonverbal behaviors (eye gaze, facial expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesconventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educational

Rocking Infant Poor And Unlucky Travelers By Jonathon Swift

Writing of devouring infant poor and unlucky travelers, Jonathon Swift satirically writes of the tyranny of England. The 18th century began with a great struggle between Ireland and England. The world power of England encroached on the rights of the Irish including monitoring their right to their own parliament and regulating their trade clearly benefitting the English. England had left Ireland starving and impoverished. Jonathon Swift, an author at the time, wrote several essays intending to spite the English and call the Irish to action to fight this oppression. The Irish did not respond. Terry Eagleton and Daniel Coleman’s theories prove that in his attempt to move Ireland to action Swift in actuality pacified their need to rebel again the encroaching English. His literature provided the humanization to prevent violence, the information to prevent further action, and the vicarious experiences that fulfilled the peasants for retribution. It will be my pleasure to discuss, a s Derrida would argue, that because Swift’s essays can be centered on both sparking and abating an uprising the structure of the essays have been destroyed and therewith their meaning. Eagleton said, â€Å"If masses are not thrown a few novels, they may react by throwing up a few barricades.† (Eagleton 45) Eagleton is speaking here about the start of studying English as a subject, but would not Swift’s essays have the same effect? Eagleton states that there is something humanizing and assuaging about

Discussion on Impact Strength free essay sample

This evidently proves the addition of polybutadiene increases the impact strength of HIPS. During polymerisation, the addition of polybutadiene prevents the polymer chains from aligning. This means that there will a reduction of crystalline structures that can be formed. This results in a larger amorphous area, giving it the properties of an amorphous polymer. Since it is more amorphous having the characteristic of irregular spacing between its molecules, it makes HIPS tough and therefore able to within sudden impact making it the highest impact strength. GPPS on the other hand though it is amorphous in nature, it does not has the addition of polybutadiene and thus it will lose out to HIPS in impact strength test. Furthermore, as it is amorphous, there is no regular spacing between the molecules thus it is brittle making it unable to withstand the stress applied on it therefore it has the lowest impact strength of 3036. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion on Impact Strength or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 61J/m? HDPE has the second highest impact strength of 5602. 689J/m? due to its crystalline structure. As it has a crystalline structure, the molecules will be packed together closely due to the stronger intermolecular forces of attraction and this gives HDPE the characteristic of stiffness making able to withstand impact well. Thus it has a moderately high impact strength. According to the results, PP has an impact strength of 3155. 398 J/m2. It has a slightly higher impact strength than GPPS. PP is semi crystalline which means it is arranged in a regular pattern. Hence, when a sudden impact was given to PP, its resistance to the sudden impact was low compared to HIPS, which has a higher impact strength. . 2 The Izod Impact Test is a method to determine the impact strength of materials. The width and thickness of the specimens is attained by measuring using a vernier caliper. The specimen is clamped vertically with the notch facing the pendulum. When the pendulum swings downwards impacting the specimen at the bottom of its swing, the machine will be able to determine the fracture str ength of the specimen. Hence, by comparing the results of the different specimens, we will be able to rank the materials by their impact strength.

The Soldier Essay Example

The Soldier Paper From 1914 to1918, WW1 had taken place. Many people had to join the army to help their country. Many people fought for their country with pride, while others joined the army not knowing what they were putting themselves into. Many soldiers or ordinary people would write about the war. Some poems would say about the good effects of the war and others about the bad points. I am going to analyse two examples of this. The Soldier by Rupert Brooke says about how proud he is and how he will protect his country until the end. Another poem is Dulce et Decorum by Wilfred Owen which is about how he felt it was like in the war. Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) was a popular poet, his pre war poems were highly regarded. Rupert Brooke was with the Royal naval division and did briefly see some action; he died in 1915 of blood poisoning. Wilfred Owen (1893 1918) was an actual war poet. He was a private tutor and an assistant for the country vicar. He joined the army in 1915 and he spent two stints at the front. He won the Military Cross, but died in 1918, a week before Armistice. He did write romantic poems but they were not recommended, once he had joined the army, he soon changed his poems. Wilfred Owens poems were edited and published in 1920. The Soldier. The Soldier by Rupert Brooke is about how proud he is of his country and how he feels he should protect his country for what it has done for him. This poem gives us a positive image of what the soldiers were like during the war. He has done this by praising England. He has made out that England is his heaven and he has to protect it, an example of this is We will write a custom essay sample on The Soldier specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Soldier specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Soldier specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. What I feel he is trying to say by this quote is if he dies in a foreign country there will bit a part of England there so if he should die, he will be under an English heaven. The poem is a sonnet, which means it has fourteen lines with each line being made up of ten syllables. In stanza one, he has put the last word on each line to rhyme with the alternate lines. If I should die, think only this of me: That theres some corner of a foreign field That is forever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed. In stanza 2, he has made the last word of each line to rhyme with the last word of every third line. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; The sonnet in this poem encourages the reader the read more because there is a rhythm, which gives it more emphasis. Sonnets are usually in love poems, I feel he has written this poem to England in this poem he makes out that England is his mother. A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, This is saying that England shape, bore, awarded to be his mother. (More info) Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, This makes me feel England is his lover, he has personified as her, gave once flowers to love, her ways to roam this is describing his lover, that is England. (more info) From reading this poem, it creates a positive imagery of England and death. It makes me think that going to fight for your country is good but if you die, you have left some of your goodness there, and you have died with the pride of your country inside of you. That theres some corner of a foreign field that is forever England. There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed; This is a perfect example of how he says if he dies, there will be a part of England there. And think, this heart, all evil shed away. By his death, he feels he will be delivered from evil and go to heaven. (Why? ) Rupert Brooke is expecting to die, but in the poem he attempts to hide about the horror of death. If I should die, think only this of me: he has cover up the horrors of death by what he is dying for, not why he is dying. In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. (Already done this quote! ) This is idolising England and how he feels England is his heaven and he has to protect it, he makes the reader imagine this is heaven this is the best place in the World. Rupert Brooke is very patriotic in this poem, from reading the poem if have seen he has written England or English 6 times. (Why do I feel he is? ) Dulce et Decorum est Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen is saying what his life was like in the war, how they had to fight so much for their life. The poem is narrative, which is a detailed poem that appears to tell a story about an event. It makes the reader imagine that you are actually at the event. An example of this in the poem is: GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! His words are directed to yourself, it makes you feel there is an emergency, you feel the panic of the soldiers. Using capital letters and exclamation marks helps to make the situation seem more urgent it makes use know he is shouting. This poem gives a negative image of what the war was like; the words he has used in his poem makes it negative. For example he describes the young soldiers as: Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge These lines shows how negative it is by the words he uses: Cursed through sludge This line means.. this makes you imagine that they are trudging back from battle with hardly any health. He uses many techniques in this poem to describe how exhausted the soldiers must have felt, by using metaphors such as: Men marched asleep and Drunk with fatigue These metaphors have the effect of how tired and ill they are. The tone does change through the poem. In the first verse they are limping back to the trenches, while then in the second verse it uses direct speech to change the tone and it makes the tempo appear faster, as they all rush to put on their gas masks and watch a soldier die in front of them. I reckon he changes the tempo of the stanzas so you get more drawn into the poem, he does this so he can tell you how bad it is in the war. GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! This is the beginning of stanza 2, it changes the tempo but using capital letters for most of the words and using explanation marks. From the descriptions he uses in the poem, it gives an effective picture and you can imagine you are there he does this by using direct address My friend, you would not tell with such high zest This is an example of direct address he uses in the poem, using direct address helps u gain a better image of the poem. The author has given his poem a Latin title: Dulce et Decorum. This means sweet and noble. I feel this does not seem true because the image he has given is the opposite of the meaning Dulce et decorum: sweet and noble. At the end of the poem, he has written: Ducle et decorum pro patria mori. This means, it is sweet and noble to die for ones country. Wilfred Owen says at the end of his poem it is The old Lie. I feel he wrote this because at the start of the war he may have believed it was patriotic and noble to fight for your country, but having experienced fighting on the front line himself he realises you may not feel sweet and noble. In fact, war is rough and I feel Wilfred Owen wrote this poem to say how he feels about the war, all the pain exhaustion n tiredness they went though to protect there country. Everything the soldier done used up every piece of their energy, it was like torture for the soldiers and they could not stop the pain. He describes how the soldiers were like so graphically so we can understand how bad it was like fighting in the war; from this poem, it could have changed many peoples views on the war. Conclusion I feel these two poems give completely opposite views of what the war was like. Rupert Brooke is writing about of how proud you should be to be fighting for your country but Wilfred Owen is writing of all the pain the soldiers went through during the war. There are many differences in the poem. In The Soldier by Rupert Brooke he has written about one soldier and how he feels, but in Dulce et Decorum, Wilfred Owen he has written about a soldiers experience in the war with others, and how he saw his fellow soldiers die in front of him. In Dulce et Decorum est he uses emotive language and many adjectives to describe the image but in The Soldier he uses senses to create the picture. Incurable sores on innocent tongues. This is an example of emotive language in Dulce et Decorum est. I feel that Dulce et decorum is the most effective out of both poems because Wilfred Owen had experience fighting in the war, so he knows what happens, but Rupert Brooke was a widely regarded poet so he made his readers feel that there was no danger, and that the soldiers should be so proud to be fighting for their country. I also feel the Wilfred Owen created a better image in his poem by using many more techniques. Using more techniques helps you create a better picture so it helps the poem appear more effective to the reader.

Informative Essay Sample on Supply Chain Management

Informative Essay Sample on Supply Chain Management SCM (Supply Chain Management) sounds like surefire saving when it comes to procurement of supplies. It offers more than a better way of meeting customer demands and managing low level of inventory or even having no inventory at all. No wonder why companies invest a lot of millions just for this software. However, automatic execution of sales without having the need for warehouse, stocks and paper invoice could be at hand, if and only if, you’re able to withstand the obstacle of getting SCM started and working. First, you have to show to your business partners (suppliers) that they would also benefit from the whole process. The thing is, SCM requires effort not only within your business but from each part of the chain. So, in order to establish a strong relationship with them, they should see the additional gain they would have in exchange for the additional burden (i.e. more responsibility for your inventory) they would take. Then, as the article mentioned, there is always the ‘internal problems’. The business should expect radical changes to the company’s traditional operations along with the grand promises SCM has. Thus, it must know how to motivate its people to work with the new technology. Aside from that, there is the danger of ‘first impression last’. The software might bring some problems on its first few months of use but then this should be anticipated considering that the software must adjust to the company’s historical set-up. So, with all these hassles and complexities, why would a company adapt this software when it can cling to the traditional way? The point is, SCM is becoming a necessity for a competitive business. Only, the company should be careful in handling the system since its failure might reverse all the expected goals to be achieved.

Understand the French Expression En Retard

Understand the French Expression En Retard The French expression en retard (pronounced [a(n) reu tar]) can be translated by late or any number of synonyms: behind, overdue, delayed, etc. En retard is adverbial, meaning that it must be used with a verb, usually à ªtre or arriver. Note that the French translation of late as an adjective (to be used  with  a noun) is  tardif. For example,  un  repas  tardif   a late meal. Examples Tu es en retard !Youre late!Je suis en retard mon rendez-vous.Im late for my appointment.Il va arriver en retard ce matin.Hell be (arriving) late this morning.Elle est arrivà © en retard au travail.She was late for work. (Note that the offensive English word retard is a faux ami.) Expressions with retard avoir du retardto be (running) late, to be overdueavoir (une heure, trois semaines...) de retardto be (an hour, three weeks...) lateà ªtre en retard pour son à ¢geto be backward for ones ageà ªtre en retard sur lhoraire / le programmeto be behind scheduleà ªtre en retard sur son temps / sià ¨cleto be behind the timesmettre (quelquun) en retardto make (someone) late(le courrier / travail) en retardbacklog (of mail / work) Antonym en avanceearly, ahead of schedule

Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Plan - Assignment Example 2. Statement of purpose. 3. Table of contents. I. The BusinessA. Description of business. B. Marketing. C. Competition in the market. D. Ways of operating procedures. E. Personnel. F. Insurance of Business. II. Financial Information A. Loan applications. B. Capital. C. Balance sheet. D. Breakeven analysisE. Pro-forma income projections (profit & loss statements)F. Pro-forma cash flowIII. Supporting Documents 1. Tax returns for last three years Personal financial statement. 2. A copy of franchise contract and all supporting documents provided by the franchiser for franchised business. Copies of the following: a. Lease or purchase agreement. b. Licenses and other legal documents. c. Resumes, that of all the principals. d. Letters of intent and other relevant material. Using The Plan A business plan is considered to be a tool comprising of three basic purposes, which are communication, management and planning. A business plans serves as a communication tool that helps in attracting investment capital, attainment of loans, hiring workers and convinces them to work for the company and importantly plays a part in attracting strategic alliances and business partners. A business plan is said to be successful if the outcome of the business is profitable, a business plan that cannot help in attain profits is said to be an incompetent business plan. A realistic approach is required at almost every stage of business and allows an entrepreneur to workout all the potential problems and all the alternatives before launching the actual business. A business plan helps as... This assignment answers on many common questions on the topic of developing a successful business plan. In any marketing sector business plan is considered to be very important and a thoughtful business plan cannot be overemphasises because much hinges on it: financial support, management of the available resources like operation and finances, credit from suppliers, promotion and marketing and last but not the least company’s goals and achievements. The researcher mostly focuses on the successful writing of the business plan. It includes many steps, most significant that were mentioned in the assignment are: Description of business, Marketing, Insurance of Business, Financial Information on loan applications and capital, Breakeven analysis, Pro-forma income projections (profit & loss statements) and Pro-forma cash flow. It is also important to prepare Supporting Documents, such as Tax returns for last three years, Personal financial statement and copy of franchise for franchis ed business. This assignment also describes ways of Using The Plan in real-life situations. Usually, a business plan is considered to be a tool comprising of three basic purposes, which are communication, management and planning. In conclusion, the researcher also states that having good financing is not enough in attaining profits and proper knowledge and planning are required to manage it well. These help in strengthening the management of financing and avoid common mistakes like miscalculating or underestimating the cost of yout future business.

The Six Core Functions Performed by the Financial System Essay

The Six Core Functions Performed by the Financial System - Essay Example The set of institutional arrangements for accomplishing this task is collectively known as the payments system. Banks and other depository financial intermediaries fulfill this function thru wire transfers, checking accounts, and credit cards. Function 2. Pooling Resources and Subdividing Shares The mechanism for the pooling of funds in a financial system is done so that it could undertake large-scale indivisible enterprise or for the subdividing of shares to form larger amounts of capital. In modern economies, the minimum investment required to start or maintain a business is often beyond the regular means of an individual or even several individuals. From the perspective of firms raising capital, the financial system provides a variety of mechanisms (such as security markets and financial intermediaries) through which individual households can pool their money to form larger amounts of capital. An interesting function of a financial system is its ability to transfer resources across time and space. Serving this function are intermediaries like banks involved in financing corporate investments and housing, insurance companies and pension funds in financing corporate investments and paying retirement annuities, and mutual funds. A well-functionin

Personal, Organizational and Cultural Values Essay Example for Free

Personal, Organizational and Cultural Values Essay Personal, organizational and cultural values are common approach to understand conflict or success in today global business environment. With the increasingly globalized economy and climate of multicultural workforce, organizations is continuously implementing and establishing desired core values to remain competitive. This paper will discuss how one can reconcile personal, organizational and cultural values in global settings. Personal values develop when the individual start to interact within family, school or religious organization. The followings are considered the core personal values in my life personally: goals oriented, respect, caring and trustworthy. Personal values will always be the foundation for each individual path of life. They are personal belief and philosophy for one to live by. Personal values shape our choices, impact the decision about our ability and how to treat ourselves and others. Experiences and interactions with external units influence the values people deem important to them. Personal values become a personal direction for people on how to live their lives. Ghosh (2008) explains â€Å"The individuals cognitive moral development stage determines how an individual thinks about ethical dilemmas, his or her process of deciding what is right and wrong in a situation. †(Ghosh, 2008). Organizational values are established rules and polices that each organization believes to be acceptable and logic, professional and practical. Organizational values also provide a basis for employee decision making in the workplace. In my professional career, I have always set my goals to develop the following core organizational values: loyalty, reliability, hard work and commitment. Fenton (2007) explains: â€Å"when organizations articulate their values, they take what are thought to be shared, stable, and deeply held beliefs and communicate them as standards to guide decisions and actions, often with the intent of increasing productivity, improving efficiencies, and acting socially responsible. † (Fenton, 2007). Findings in a Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey also reveal the critically important influence that management and supervisors have in promoting ethical workplace behavior by all workers. (Verschoor, 2007). The above mentioned survey explains: â€Å"Management and leadership have a huge responsibility in setting examples for their organizations and living the values they preach if they want to sustain a culture of ethics. † (Verschoor, 2007) Similar to personal values, cultural values are deep-rooted since childhood. Cultural values are developed in social heritage, traditions and reflect psychological, religious or spiritual, and moral experiences. Cultural Values are closely related to personal values since they are developed from the individual tradition, heritage and origin. Cultural values differ in several levels: ethnicity, religion, organization. Different cultures interpret moral and values differently therefore, affect individual interactions in many level. The influence of cultural values has a significant impact on how people and organizations operate and make their decisions. Cultural values affect actions in both personal and organizational level Verschoor, C. (2007) survey also found that more than 91% of working adults are more likely to behave ethically at work when they have a good balance between their job and their personal life. It was said that quality of an employee’s personal life strongly influences job satisfaction and related productivity, the 2007 Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey shows that work-life balance also promotes ethical behavior in the (Verschoor, 2007) Values are energizing, motivating and inspiring. When people care passionate about something they will urge themselves with achievement Instilling and maintaining a values-oriented approach to ethics in the workplace, together with giving greater attention to related work-life balance issues, should remain at the top of the agenda of organizations. Employee fulfillment is essential to customer satisfaction, good quality, high productivity, low turnover, and other factors that lead to superior corporate financial performance (Verschoor, 2007) Employees make decisions in the workplace often reflecting value judgment and having ethical connotations. Corporate values are often used interchangeably with the concept of corporate culture. The usual paradigm is that corporations with strong positive cultures have institutionalized a set of corporate values. These values help employees identify with the organization and develop a commitment to its goals (Ghosh, 2008). In conclusion, personal and cultural values have become core elements in today global economy. Organizations calculate and implement these core values with the intent to improve efficiency and productivity, and establish organizational values and standards to communicate to all employees. Personal and cultural values have a major effect in people lives and interactions, and clearly work performance. To be able to find a balance between organizational values and personal, cultural values is the solution to career fulfillment and life satisfaction.

John Steinbecks East of Eden - The Gift of Free Will :: East Eden Essays

East of Eden - The Gift of Free Will An excellent benefit of choosing to major in English is that it has allowed me four years to dig deeply into my love of the written word. This involves looking beyond the surface of literature and studying its effects in the course of my everyday life. Some books are easy to read quickly, enjoy, and forget, but others exert an influence that is not easily discarded or forgotten. In my mental library, the classic American novel East of Eden, by John Steinbeck, falls into this category. I believe East of Eden has helped shape me morally by illustrating the power of free will in a world caught between a constant battle of good and evil. I decided to read East of Eden after hearing a friend share a short passage from it in his valedictory address. Although I do not remember the contents of that particular passage anymore, I remember that it was the power of Steinbeck's simple, direct language that urged me to take it on as my next big foray into what my high school English teacher called "real literature." The Cain and Abel story, possibly the most enigmatic story of good and evil in the Bible, is the basis for East of Eden. Although allegorical elements are scattered throughout the whole novel, the most evident theme struck me as three of the main characters discussed the ramifications of God's words to Cain after Abel's death. Lee, a Chinese servant to one of the novel's main families, explained to his two companions a little-known conflict between the translations of Genesis 4:7 in two versions of the Bible. In one translation, God tells Cain that "thou shalt" rule over sin. In another, God says to Cain, "Do thou" rule over sin. The first is a promise, and the second is an order. Lee concluded that the ambiguity presented by the two translations is at the heart of the universal human story. I agree. I know some people who surrender themselves to the fatalistic belief that everything in life has been mapped out by God. I also know people who believe that God is a harsh drillmaster who issues demands under the constant threat of damnation. Until I read this book, however, I never wondered where the dispute originated. As the characters in Steinbeck's novel discussed the discrepancy of Genesis 4:7, I also wondered at the intended meaning of the verse.

Reconstructionalism †Curriculum Essay

Reconstuctionism in not a fully developed philosophy of life or of education. Many writers view it as only an extension of progressivism, the educational philosophy. Like progressivism, it is based on the â€Å"pure† philosophy of pragmatism. Therefore, its answers to basic questions are the same. In answer to the ontological question of what is real, reconstructionists agree that everyday, personal experience constitutes reality. The epistemological question asks: â€Å"What is truth and how do we know truth†? The reconstructionist claims that truth is what works, and we arrive at truth through a process of trial and error. The axiological question asks: â€Å"What is good and beautiful†? The reconstructionist’s answer to this is whatever the public consensus says it is! Educational Theory As far as his educational views are concerned, the reconstructionist sees things the same way as the progressive—up to a point. For example, reconstructionists believe that students learn more, remember it longer, and apply it to new situations better if they learn through experience, rather than through being told something. As they see it, the teacher’s main role is that of a resource person or a research project director who guides the students’ learning rather than being a dispenser of knowledge. In this role, the teacher carries on a dialogue with students, helping them identify problems, frame hypotheses, find data, draw appropriate conclusions, and select efficacious courses of action (praxis). Reconstructionists don’t believe in a predetermined curriculum. They would use the subject matter from any or all disciplines when needed to solve a problem. They would probably deal more, however, with the subject matter of social experience (the social sciences) in solving problems. The teaching methods favored by reconstructionists are (1) the pupil-teacher dialogue and (2) praxis. Praxis is â€Å"effective action.† In other words, reconstructionists favor applying the problem-solving method (scientific method) of the progressives to real-life problems. After one has reached an â€Å"intellectual solution† to a problem, reconstructionists favor carefully thought-out social action to remedy or ameliorate the problem. Reconstructionists, like progressives, do not favor any type of ability grouping. They feel students should be grouped only upon the basis of common interests. Reconstructionists also like flexible student seating arrangements, but since there is so much involvement outside the classroom, seating is not even an issue. Reconstructionists share the progressive’s view of student discipline. Moreover, they feel that if students are actively involved in bringing about change in areas that concern them, they will not become frustrated, and therefore, will not be likely to become discipline problems. Reconstructionists prefer to evaluate students subjectively on the basis of their ability as a social activist rather than give written examinations. Like progressives, they feel that student self-evaluation has a proper place. Reconstructionists’ Platform Reconstructionists differ significantly from progressives in the matter of social policy. Progressives acknowledge the rapidly changing conditions around us. But they are content to just teach students how to cope with change. It has been said that progressives seek to teach students how to reach â€Å"intellectual solution† to problems. This often culminates in writing a paper, doing a report or a project of some kind. This kind of education would tend to â€Å"mirror the contemporary society.† On the other hand, reconstructionists believe that students must learn through practical experience how to direct change and control it. They believe strongly that our culture is in crisis. They believe that things will get uncontrollably bad unless we intervene to direct change and thereby reconstruct the social order. Reconstructionsists believe that a â€Å" Utopian Future† is a genuine possibility for mankind if we learn how to intervene and to direct change. They believe that the school should train students to be social activists in the tradition of Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Nader and Jesse Jackson. Reconstructionists believe that we should apply the reflective inquiry method to life’s problems. They feel, however, that we should be prepared to act upon our conclusions. This requires a sense of commitment and responsibility on the part of students. This goal of initiating change is of course very controversial. For this reason, reconstructionism has never caught on fully in our schools. Questions have been raised concerning whether or not schools should become a tool for re-making society. Questions have also been raised as to whether students at any age have the intellectual and social maturity to participate in social action. Advocates of social action contend that the more involvement we have, the better off we will be as a society. They claim that as things stand now, only a small percentage of people get involved in social issues because they do not know how to do so. Advocates of social action emphasize that it can be safely practiced if certain common-sense â€Å"safeguards† are applied. For example: 1) Young students should be encouraged to act in a more limited setting than older students, such as the classroom or school, rather than the larger community. 2) Teachers should help students weigh the probable outcomes of various lines of social action before anything is done. They should consider whether or not a given action will solve or ameliorate a problem. Moreover, they should consider the probable â€Å"side effects† of a given line of action, including how it will impact on significant others. 3) Teachers should work with students to get them to accept the consequences (good or bad) of their actions, once they have taken place, without complaining or expecting to be let off the hook. This is important if a sense of commitment and responsibility is to be nurtured.

Public Facilities

public facilities in india have become more than in these recent years. Our country is progressing very fast like a person climbing fast on any mountain peak. In this scenario indians are provided with many public facilities such as transport facilty, communication facility, social facility , etc, but amongst all education facility is the most pre occupied in them. As you all know education plays a very crucial roles in our day to day life and even if the peoples are not educated then these other facilties become of no use. people are well been provided with these facilities but some people may not use them properly.You can see this in many newspaper or in any media and even we see them in our daily life such as some peoples have the habit to dirt the public bus or you can see the real life example in your school. in your school some bad students untides classroom and broke or make designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which will soon become much economical than it is now, before it will happen, our indian government is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. o that ‘s all balwant , hope this will help you, cheers! public facilities in india have become more than in these recent years. Our country is progressing very fast like a person climbing fast on any mountain peak. In this scenario indians are provided with many public facilities such as transport facilty, communication facility, social facility , etc, but amongst all education facility is the most pre occupied in them.As you all know education plays a very crucial roles in our day to day life and even if the peoples are not educated then these other facilties become of no use. people are well been provided with these facilities but some people may not use them properly. You can see this in many newspaper or i n any media and even we see them in our daily life such as some peoples have the habit to dirt the public bus or you can see the real life example in your school. n your school some bad students untides classroom and broke or make designs on desks and tables. thus , lastly i would like to say that we must not have to destroy public facilities in our country as such india is a great fast develoing country which will soon become much economical than it is now, before it will happen, our indian government is trying the best to provide us facilties that can help us to be stable in our day to day life. so that ‘s all balwant , hope this will help you, cheers!

Taking Home The Wrong Message Essay Example

Taking Home The Wrong Message Essay Example Taking Home The Wrong Message Essay Taking Home The Wrong Message Essay How many times have you been cautioned of eating too many saturated fats? Manfully increase your risk of heart disease! Youll be diagnosed with diabetes if you dont stray away from those dreadful things! This has been the message from the U. S government since 1970. An article published in Scientific American by Melinda Moyer, noted that recently however, a spate of new research, including a meta- analysis of nearly two dozen studies, suggests Researchers were pointing their fingers at the wrong culprit (Moyer 19). In the article, Moyer offers three studies in which she attempts to pin refined carbohydrates as the guilty party threatening the heart. These studies seem to appeal mostly toward the female gender, rather than the population as a whole. For example, directing ones attention like so can raise questions from readers like, Why does this apply to me? This can make the articles purpose unclear, confusing, and ultimately misleading to readers if they are unable to identify with it. The first study that Moyer presents is very general. It could easily be understood by both men and woman and equally appeals to both groups. The study, overseen by Ronald M. Krause, combines nearly 350,000 peoples daily food intake over a period of almost 23 years and compares their risk of developing cardiovascular heart disease. Karakuls findings were extremely contradictory to the old logic because he found no association between the amount of saturated fat consumed and the risk of heart disease (Moyer 19). The biggest issue with the old logic being found now is that bad cholesterol is not the greatest predator of risk so to speak. The study could have easily included men and women, and the findings loud be applied to help both sexes. The next study that the author offers readers is very similar to the first study. Meir Stauffer, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, co-authored a study that followed three hundred twenty-two moderately obese individuals for two years as they adopted one of three diets; a low-fat calories restricted diet; a Mediterranean restricted-calorie diet high in vegetables and low in red meat; or a low-carbohydrate, restricted-calorie diet. His findings were that the individuals who ate the low-Carr diet had the highest Asia of saturated fat ended up losing twice as much weight as their counterparts (Moyer 20). This study, much like the first, has the ability to interest both men and women. The study of three hundred twenty-two people could have included a mix of the sexes, therefore allowing all to incorporate these findings into their lifestyles. Streamers findings ultimately mean that saturated arent so bad for us and it indicates that carbohydrates could be worse for everyone. And finally, the third study that Moyer offers readers was once again led by Meir Stauffer. In 1997 he co- authored in the Journal of the American Medical Association which evaluated sixty- five thousand women and they were able to find the percentage of women who had the highest glycerin index. Those with the highest index were forty-seven percent more likely to acquire type 2 diabetes than those with the lowest glycerin index score. This trend may be explained by the effect that high glycerin-index carbohydrates have on blood glucose, which stimulates fat production as well as inflammation (Moyer 21). Unlike the first and second study that Moyer presents be helpful and resourceful to the male gender, it doesnt necessarily apply to them. In conclusion, these studies seem to appeal more toward the female gender, rather than the population as a whole. The first study, a very general study, can be applied to everyone, both man and woman. The second study goes a little more in depth, but sticks with the idea that the findings can be applied to everyones life. And finally the third study, conducted with all women and no men, has the ability to capture the interest of mostly women. Although the findings could be found useful and interesting to a man, it would be imprecise how the study could be applied to him.

Facts About Shakespeare - A Shakespeare Crib Sheet

Facts About Shakespeare - A Shakespeare Crib Sheet Facts about Shakespeare can sometimes be hard to find! To help you sort the fact from the speculation, we’ve put together a Shakespeare â€Å"crib sheet† †¦ a single reference page packed with facts – and only facts – about Shakespeare. The links are there to help you delve deeper into the subject. Key Facts About Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born on 23rd April, 1564He died on 23rd April 1616The dates above are approximate because there is no record of neither his birth nor death. We only have records of his baptism and burial.If we accept the dates, Shakespeare was born and died on the same day – in fact Shakespeare’s death occurred on his 52nd birthday! Facts About Shakespeare’s Life Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, but later moved to London for workShakespeare had three children with his wife, Anne HathawayWhen he left for London, Shakespeare left his family behind in Stratford. He did, however, retire back to Stratford at the end of his careerThere is evidence that Shakespeare was a â€Å"secret† CatholicBy the end of his life, Shakespeare was a wealthy gentleman and had a coat of arms. His final residence was New Place, the largest house in Stratford-upon-AvonShakespeare was buried inside Holy Trinity Church in StratfordShakespeare’s grave has a curse engraved upon itShakespeare’s birthday is celebrated worldwide every year. The main festival is in Stratford-upon-Avon on Saint George’s Day Facts About Shakespeare’s Time Shakespeare was not a â€Å"one-off genius†, as many people would have you believe. Rather he was a product of his timeShakespeare grew up during the renaissanceQueen Elizabeth I ruled for much of Shakespeare’s life and she would sometimes come and watch his plays Facts About Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare wrote 38 playsShakespeare’s plays are split into three genres: tragedy, comedy and historyHamlet is often regarded as the Bard’s best playRomeo and Juliet is often regarded as the Bard’s most famous playShakespeare may have co-authored many of his plays Facts About Shakespeare’s Sonnets Shakespeare wrote 157 sonnetsThe sonnets are split into sections. The first follows the Fair Youth and the second follows the so-called Dark LadyIt likely that the sonnets were never intended for publicationSonnet 18 is often regarded as Shakespeare’s most famous sonnetShakespeare’s sonnets are written in a strict poetic meter called Iambic Pentameter and have 14 lines each. Facts About Shakespeare’s Theatre The theatre experience in Shakespeare’s time was very different to today – crowds would eat and talk through the production and plays would be performed in the open airThe Globe Theatre was made from the materials of a stolen theatre that Shakespeare’s theatre company dismantled at midnight and floated across the Thames RiverShakespeare described the Globe Theatre as the â€Å"Wooden O† because of its shapeThe original Globe Theatre was demolished to make way for tenements in 1644 when it fell out of useThe building that currently stands in London is a replica built from traditional materials and techniques. It is not on the original site, but very close to it!Today, the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is the World’s leading producer of Shakespeare and is headquartered in the Bard’s hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon

Worst Day in School Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worst Day in School - Personal Statement Example But when I saw the Mathematics teacher entering the class I lost my wits. At first I thought that the teacher just came in to check or ask for the copies but the next moment I realized that he was in the classroom to conduct his class. The teacher asked all the students to take out their text books from their bags. But as I made the timetable according to some other day I did not have the Mathematics text book. As soon as the teacher noticed me he not only honored me by insulting me but also threw me out of the class. As I was leaving the class the students hooted and taunted at me but as I was so embarrassed that I did not dare to reply to them. This was not the end. More was to come. A group of bullies passing my class saw me and started making fun of me. This was it and I could not take it anymore and I also started yelling at the boys and started cursing them. This was another mistake committed by me which marked my worst day in the school. As I replied them harshly the faction o f the boys started to get rude to me and passed even worse comments. Hearing those comments I run towards the boys and a fight started. I was alone and they outnumbered me. I did not only get a very good beating but was also caught by the principal. This gift was given to me by my mathematics teacher.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Reflection - Essay Example The most relevant information that I have learnt about the concept of diversity is that, there are various strategies which can be put in place in to enhance diversity. People can be trained and sensitized on different cultures to be able to understand, interact and accept others. I learnt that diversity boost production rate in an organization due to different ideas from diverse places. Additionally, diversity training enhances effective diversity management and this in turn motivates people to cooperate well. However, diversity is prone to various problems like discrimination, inequality in subordinate groups and harassment of employees. Diversity is important to me because it eliminates problems caused by differences in race, gender, or culture. Consequently, when people adapt to diverse working conditions positively, they help in eradication of conflicts and increase productivity of the organization.Basically, this research has really changed my thinking and approach to diversity and leadership. For instance, I have realized that lack of diverse workforce is in most cases caused by discrimination and stereotypes among us. People can learn a lot when they interact and work with diverse people with different cultures, belong to distinct races or gender. The most relevant information about the research based on diversity and healthy living is that everyone’s life is always influenced negatively or positively. However the case, they are affected physically or mentally therefore, appropriate exercise is necessary in order to live a healthy life. In this research, I have learnt that positive feelings increase our attention capacity as well as emotional well being. Participation in activities helps in elimination of prejudices. Additionally, I have gained knowledge on diversity climate which concentrates on views of openness and reaction towards a particular group of diversity. Have knowledge on people’s personalities, backgrounds and habits make one to be

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise Assignment

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise - Assignment Example Tayko company is almost dispatching their next mail out, the company want to flag out clients who are promotional receptive. This is important because it will help them reduce their cost and also maintain a good relationship with their customers by not becoming a bother to those who do not need the promotion. The company wishes to come up with a better and a targeted list by selecting their clients randomly and sending the trial promotion to them. The paper therefore, mine the data to assist Tayko identify the attributes of companies that show that they will respond positively to the mail-out. This will help improve the performance of mailing promotion. The attitude of the customer toward the product, and the perception of the company of origin are crucial factors when assessing the receptiveness of the customer. As the figures of younger, and high income clients with increasing demand for electronic products continues to grow, the market become interesting and the need on assessing the receptiveness of the clients to the company’s brands and business becomes very crucial. The receptive of the customers to the company’s goods is not considered a conventional framework when selecting the market. However it has crucial implications for the marketing department in sensitizing and assessing the standard, easily accessible risk indicators of commercials used. Tayko introduces the customer receptiveness as an added criterion in the specialized mechanism to the assessment of its customer’s relation. 2. Data pre-processing a) Therefore, the best indicator of the client’s receptiveness to the promotion is attribute number 25 describing the amount spent by client in test mailing in terms of dollars. b) Another attribute that could be selected as this, is the attribute that highlighted the client made purchases in test. The â€Å"test purchase request† will document the service pursuant of sales and has information on the clients name, a ddress, corporation, and firm where the customer’s request. Additionally, it contains the office mailing address, signature, title, name, and the telephone numbers for the client making the request. The attribute is also important because it contains the statement of the conduct nature under investigation. Also, it is crucial because it contains the statement that the service must be tendered at the place and time. c) There are other attributes that are not important in this project. Such attributes includes, â€Å"How many days ago was first update to customer record†, and the sequence number for the customer (Han & Kambe, 2006). The meaningless attributes creates a valued difference between the brands, and during the process. When the meaningless attributes are added they change the decision consumer structure, majorly if the differentiated attribute is hard to evaluate. This may make the consumers to infer the value of attributes. d) Some of the classification model that I designed using the Weka classifier is as shown in the figure below. The above is the visualization of the mailing promotion model. Data @attribute seq numeric @attribute US binary @attribute Freq numeric @attribute web_order {1, 0} @attribute Gender=male numeric @attribute Address_is_res binary @attribute Purchase {1, 0} @data 4, 200210, 200601, 0 5, 200301, 200601, 1 Calculation === Run information === Scheme: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR Relation: Ass3Data67_33 Instances: 1501 Attributes: 25 Seq US Source_1

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay

Application Of Sound In Movies And Games Film Studies Essay Approaches to Game Audio. Modern computer games are undeniably becoming more realistic and cinematic. As graphics become better quality and game consoles become more powerful, the distinctive line between films and computer games that was set in the 1970s now hardly exists. Graphics have a big part to play in films and modern computer games, but an even bigger part of films in my opinion is the music and the sound in the film general. The music helps create the tension, emphasise dramatic moments in the plot and giving films another dimension to what is shown on screen. These techniques in music and sound/sound effects in film have been taken and used into the production of the modern computer game. Although the music and sound in film and modern computer game may have the same cinematic practice, the way it is implemented in computer games is very different. This is because of the interactive nature of the gaming environment in the computer game. Throughout this assignment Im going to be looking at what kind of strategys game audio developers have created and adopted from film to produce effective audio in the music, dialogue and effects in computer games. We will firstly be looking into the techniques on how film music and sound is made, and the different strategies have been used to produce them. Then at the strategies and techniques on music for modern games, then discussing and evaluating the different and similar techniques and strategys that computer games have adopted. Sound in film Music and sound have always been a big part of film. Even before technology was advanced enough to play dialogue or music, silent films would normally accompanied by a pianist or even a whole orchestra. But why is sound so important to film? Composer Aaron Copland describes five purposes of film music which we will be going into detail about: Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place; Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character; Serving as a kind of neutral background filler; Building a sense of continuity; Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality. (Copland 1975: 154-5) Creating a convincing atmosphere of time and place Composers can achieve creating a time and place by capturing the musical colour, creating the feeling that the music would be created in that location or time. They can achieve this by using instrument of that era or location- Bagpipes would suggest the scene was in Scotland, while a String quartet could symbolise a Scene from the 1800. Although this is an effective way of locating the film musically in some respects, sometimes the composer or director of the film may not want to use authentic Chinese  music but just want to achieve a Chinese flavour or colour by using a pentatonic scale with Western instruments (Source 1) This can create a better effect overall, hinting towards where the scene is musically without using unwanted interments. Underlining psychological refinements the unspoken thoughts of the character In some instances, music can portray a psychological element much better than dialogue can. This type of film music seems more effective if the composer reads over the script at the creation stage, making suggestions on where he would like the music to be. Far too often, however, this possibility is passed over and music is not allowed to speak (B source 1). Music can also give the viewer a better understanding on what is going on within the head of a character, not specific detail, but an overview. Leonard Rosenman  thinks that The musical contribution to the film should be ideally to create a  supra-reality, a condition wherein the elements of literary naturalism are perceptually altered. In this way the audience can have the insight into different aspects of behaviour and motivation not possible under the aegis of naturalism. This show that music can give a film another dimension, bringing out emotions and insights into characters where film without sound cant. Serving as a kind of neutral background filler Through research many composers feel this is one of the hardest things to do within composing a piece of music. Roy A. Prendergast point out that creating background music for a composer calls for him to be at his most subordinated. At times one of the functions of film music is to do nothing more than be there This shows that sometimes music is just needed to blend in the background as though it would exist as sound rather than as constructed music. Building a sense of continuity What is meant by continuity in film is that music can hold a film together Music can tie together a visual medium that is, by its very nature, continually in danger of falling apart (B source 1).The editor of the film will probably be the most aware of this particular attribute of music in films. Music can also bring a film together as a whole using a unifying musical idea. Underpinning the theatrical build-up of a scene, and rounding it off with a sense of finality When used correctly, music can add a huge amount of intensity and intimacy to a scene, it can evoke a gut reaction unobtainable in any other way (B Source 1) But music isnt a miracle worker, a lot of good composers have been asked to create music for a weak scene, hoping that it will the scene stronger. But if the scene is weak it is near impossible to make it stronger, and sadly it is normally the composer who critics blame. Three forms of music The sound in Cinema takes on three different forms: Speech, Music or Noise. Speech The dialogue in films are spoken by the actors or narration heard as a voice over (Source 2). A major component in speech for films is an automated dialogue replacement. When recording on set there is normally back ground noise of traffic or planes flying overhead, this drowns the actors lines out. Because of this, the dialogue is recorded within a studio. Recording dialogue in this way makes it possible for actors to make their lines more dramatic then recording on location. An example of this is the screaming by the actor in Jurassic Park actually was recorded in the sound studios in New York and Los Angeles (source 2). In the studio an ADR expert would match the new recording with the film, making sure that they were properly in sync so that the audience isnt aware of it being recorded in a studio. Music Music is a very powerful component to a film, in many different ways. For example in musicals such as The Sound of Music (1965) the music trys to captivate the audience creating an emotional response when music and words are linked in a scene (B source 2). Music also helps explain and move the plot instrumentally. Themes are very commonly used for individual characters, for example Star wars when Darth Vader appears on screen his theme music is played. There are two different types of film music. Firstly there is Source music, which is the realistic part of the scene; Street Musicians, Rock band playing in the background etc. The second film type is Underscoring; Music motivated by dramatically consideration (B source 3). The composers are normally not needed until a rough cut of the film is made, or even later. Within films that have to be shot in time with music that does not exist yet a temporary music track may be played on set (B source 3). Many films without music feel very empty; this is why films are normally pretracked. The editor would cut scenes to stock or classical music so that the tempo and phrasing lend structure to the footage. Composers then have the task too music that is similar but different. In scoring, one of the first steps is deciding which scene will have music; this is called spotting. The composer will have to cue the start and end of the scene with a stop watch. The music editor will then create a time sheet or breakdown which will change the feet of the film into seconds, or even smaller time scale. He will then detail the action in a cue, making it easier for the composer to write any way he wants, The closes synchronisation of music to action is called Mickey-mousing' (B Source 3) There are two main types of cues in films. Long Cues which are length normally classical pieces of composition, an example of this is a scene from Gold finger where planes are dropping sleeping gas on to a military base, throughout this scene that lasts over two minutes, the same composition is played throughout. Short cues are normally just a few bars of music; this normally acts as punctuation. For example, in many horror films when someone is going to be stabbed with a knife, this is normal accompanied with a strings playing a high sustained chord, giving a sense of anticipation and making the audience uncomfortable. At the recording stage of the music, the conductor of the piece is alerted by a streamer, a three-foot scratch in the film at the end of which a punched hole producing a light on the screen that acts as the starting cue. For the additional short cue scenes, there are similar streamers that will alert the conductor. Throughout the recording, the conductor will normally have a set of headphones where he can listen to the dialogue or a click track. Noise This can be any other sound that can be heard within the movie for example footsteps or birds. Usually the quality recorded on set is poor, which means that special sound effect (SFX) have to be produced in a studio. To produce these sound effects, sound technicians called Foley artists will record different sound effect with items in a studio. For example to create a horse walking, the Foley artist can use two half of a coconut and tap them on the table or floor, or using a metal sheet to create the sound of thunder. Many of these sound effects can be bought digitally from companies that have noise libraries for a cheaper cost then to get Foley artists. But many producers for major motion pictures will employ people and spend more money on Foley artists to create custom sounds for the movie. Timing There are two different timings within films: Viewing Time and Story Time. Viewing time means the physical length of the film. This normally differs from Story time, which is the time that passes within the film itself. Films can normally cover a few years in the characters lives, but most films that we see only take around a couple hours to watch. Viewing time becomes an instrument of the plots manipulation of story time. (B Source 3) Matching a sound or dialogue within the films images is called synchronization. When dialogue or sound is synchronized properly, the audience will not normally be able to tell if everything has been over overdubbed, or sound effects have been added. Sound in games The process of producing game audio resembles in many ways the production of film audio. Game audio follows the same five purposes of film rules made by Aaron Copland, has similar recording techniques for live sound and Foley, and use many of the same software and recording equipment. A lot of game play, i.e. the battles or the big set pieces, essentially has to be scored in some form or fashion. So thats all similar to a film. (B source 4) Although these traits are very similar between game audio and film audio, there are very distinctive differences in the processes. Most of film audio is normally done on the post-production stage, which takes place after the film has been edited and the visuals have been locked (the final version set) (B source 4). A large amount of time is spent mixing and balancing the sounds at this stage, which is one of the most significant differences between film and games sound. Post- production within film doesnt generally exist within game audio. This is because the timings are variable, the music needs to adapt to the game play. The reason for this is because some game players may vary greatly in the length of time needed to complete a level, and often they can complete tasks in different ways. The way they have come across this hurdle is by creating adaptive audio or interactive audio to others. To find out how game audio makes this adaptive or interactive audio, we are going to look through the three production stages. The three stem can be found in the same file or separate files depending on the individual or companys choice. Pre Production The first step on pre production for game audio is the creation of an audio design document. An audio design document contains the details of the design and implementation of the games audio. At this early stage, the audio team dont have much information; they may only have storyboards and characters sketches on which they have to develop an audio design document. But with this information the can start at an early stage of the production, making sure that the audio plays a significant role in the game. The first thing is to determine what type of game it is, finding out the genre and theme for the audio. One technique of finding out the right genre is by creating a temp track. A temp track means placing pre-existing music where the final composition should be. This helps the composer have an idea on where to work from. The second step is how the sound will interact with the gameplay. Rules will normally be placed out by the games designer describing what role the sound design will have within the game. The next stage is to find out which parts of the game should have ambient sound and music. This is known as spotting, it involves defining cue point entrances, exits, play-ins/play-outs, and game state changes, as well as deciding if the games variables (such as players health, surface properties, and so on) will be used to change sound parameters(B source 4). To help the music fit into context with the game, a music cue list can be created. This helps break down the storyboard or script into segments and chapters, creating an individual map for the game, as well as for each individual level. At theses first stages the audio team will need to look for spots for environments, action, pace, tension/release, objects, characters/personalitys and so on. Another important step is spotting the game in terms of emotion; Within a games there is normally movement or a certain rhythm in terms of emotional peaks and valleys (B source 4). To help the sound designer which sounds may interfere with one and another and which sounds need emphasis, an emotion map can be created showing tension and release points. At this stage level descriptions are broken down into different sound types, for example ambient noises, weapons sounds, Foley etc. These sound types will be created within an asset list which can be used at a later stage too track recording in order to reproduce sounds at a later stage, if necessary Production At this stage the production of game sound is normally taken place in several different locations. Like production of film sound: sound libraries are used and normally these effects are layered and manipulated to create the right effect. Bigger companies may have a dedicated Foley studio where Foley artists are hired and are told to create original sound effects for the game. The same techniques in film are used in game audio for sound. One of the most useful techniques that are being used in game audio is the processing of digital signal processing (DSP) in real time. Being able to do this saves a lot of recording time for the sound developers. Before processing DSP in real time effects on certain sounds had to be re-recorded individually, for example; to get the effect of footsteps to change when walking from, say, a stone path into a cave, the effects would have to be pre recorded onto the footsteps file (B Source 4) But now only one sound sample of footsteps needs to be recorded, this is because the DSP filters can be set for location, making the audio responded physics graphic engines which can create more realistic sounding effects in real time while playing the game. The final part of the audio production process is the integration of the music, sound effects, and dialogue. The integration of audio into game decides how the audio will be triggered within the game. This also controls what part of the audio might change the games state or the games parameters. For example Music or ambience tracks may be triggered by location, by game state, by time-ins or time-outs, by players, or by various game events. For the composers music to work with the game, it must be able to integrate into it. Cutting the music into chunks, splits or loops may help in creating a much more dynamic score for the game. An hour or so of music can be stretched out to many hours by cutting it up and looping it. To make it easier to cut, normally the songs have to be quite rhythmic. In game music compositions, the composer will normally make sure that the music is played within the same key throughout. This is because it is easy for sections to be cut and looped without the audience realising. The music composers for Red Dead Redemption composed the music by creating many riffs and small composition lasting less than a minute each, all within the same key. After mastering each one individually, they then put it into the music engine of the game where segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random an put together to form a piece of music. (B source 5) Music can not only be cut, but also elements of it can be changed in real time in the game engine, for example DSP effects, tempo and instrumentation. Software such as Wwise and FMOD are being used much more these days to create editing such as this. This is because the software lowers cost and production time, and makes it easier to integrate a more dynamic score within the game. Segments of the musical material are constantly chosen at random and put together to create a piece of music. Post Production stage At this stage of production the main task is the mixing of the audio. The mixer has to find anything within the mix which is unnatural, too much repetition or anything having an unnatural imbalance. Within current games, the different stems of audio are competing with each other because they are all in the same aural space. This gives a great risk of sounds being in the same sound range and masking each other out. This is also problematic within film, but because of the unpredictability on where different sounds are going to be heard in a game, makes the mixing an even more difficult task. A strategy mixers have used to tackle this obstacle is by prioritizing sounds real-time in games. Using FX and ducking the music when dialogue happens, is an effective way of making sure needed information is passed on to the player. Another effective technique is making certain frequencies in the music quieter; this makes room for the dialogue to be heard and the music still has a presence. Strategies adopted by game audio developers To make it easier to see the similarities and differences in film and game audio, they have been made into two different sections Similarities Film and game audio have very similar, if not exact recording techniques. They both have to overdub dialogue and ambience. Game audio however, is more reliant on over dubbing, this is because there is no original sound because they have to create the ambience and dialogue from scratch. They both follow similar rules in what they want from the audio, and how they want their audience too feel. The music is very similar, both film and game audio often have scores arranged by professional composers, have a dedicated team that that deal with all the audios needs. Differences Evaluate Conclusion Overall thoughts Examples, including discussion and evaluation, of strategies adopted by game audio developers; Conclusion; References.

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

?Justification for the Abandonment and Solitude of Beowulf Beowulf is the classic tale of a mighty and heroic Geat leader who comes to an unpleasant and seemingly early end. Throughout his life, Beowulf had been an excellent leader and had led his army to many victories over many foes, of his land and of many others as well. At his peak, Beowulf was the mightiest warrior on all the earth: â€Å"There was no one else like him alive. In his day, he was the mightiest man on earth, high-born and powerful.† (297-298). Eventually, Beowulf would come to be ruler over many people. During this time he would defeat many enemies, two of which being Grendel and his mother. After their defeat, Beowulf and his people experienced a time of peace and prosperity which was enjoyed by all. He remained undefeated until the bitter end when he was defeated by the dragon in the underwater hell-like grave. Beowulf’s death marked the end of not only his reign, but also of the safety know by hi s people, and also the end of his kingdom. The reasons for his abandonment of his people and his insistence to fight alone are not clear, although many have theories as to why the great warrior chose the fate he did. The first topic at hand is why Beowulf chose to fight by himself, especially in the case of the dragon. Beowulf was a very valiant warrior who fought his greatest battles alone, or at least single-handedly. First of all, his battle against Grendel was brilliantly maneuvered in that he awakened from a complete slumber to slay the mighty Grendel and mutilate his body. Secondly, Beowulf battled against Grendel’s mother (who was excessively disturbed about the death of her beloved son) and won a triumphant battle. In both battles, Beowulf won by his own means and was very victorious in each occasion. The question could be raised as to why he chose to fight alone as opposed to having many skilled warriors to help him in his plight to defeat the evil in the world. One possible theory is that it is much more valiant to be the victor of a battle which you yourself have fought and won. This way, there is only one person who is capable of receiving credit for the battle which could help in later times as to the correctness of the tale. Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays ?Justification for the Abandonment and Solitude of Beowulf Beowulf is the classic tale of a mighty and heroic Geat leader who comes to an unpleasant and seemingly early end. Throughout his life, Beowulf had been an excellent leader and had led his army to many victories over many foes, of his land and of many others as well. At his peak, Beowulf was the mightiest warrior on all the earth: â€Å"There was no one else like him alive. In his day, he was the mightiest man on earth, high-born and powerful.† (297-298). Eventually, Beowulf would come to be ruler over many people. During this time he would defeat many enemies, two of which being Grendel and his mother. After their defeat, Beowulf and his people experienced a time of peace and prosperity which was enjoyed by all. He remained undefeated until the bitter end when he was defeated by the dragon in the underwater hell-like grave. Beowulf’s death marked the end of not only his reign, but also of the safety know by hi s people, and also the end of his kingdom. The reasons for his abandonment of his people and his insistence to fight alone are not clear, although many have theories as to why the great warrior chose the fate he did. The first topic at hand is why Beowulf chose to fight by himself, especially in the case of the dragon. Beowulf was a very valiant warrior who fought his greatest battles alone, or at least single-handedly. First of all, his battle against Grendel was brilliantly maneuvered in that he awakened from a complete slumber to slay the mighty Grendel and mutilate his body. Secondly, Beowulf battled against Grendel’s mother (who was excessively disturbed about the death of her beloved son) and won a triumphant battle. In both battles, Beowulf won by his own means and was very victorious in each occasion. The question could be raised as to why he chose to fight alone as opposed to having many skilled warriors to help him in his plight to defeat the evil in the world. One possible theory is that it is much more valiant to be the victor of a battle which you yourself have fought and won. This way, there is only one person who is capable of receiving credit for the battle which could help in later times as to the correctness of the tale.

Effects of the Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange had a profound influence on the vast spread of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and many infectious and contagious diseases through trade in both North America and Western Europe. The Columbian Exchange began in 1492, when Christopher Columbus set sail on his voyage to the Americas. Although it created an enormous increase in food supply and productivity, and human population, it also damaged the ecological stability of many large areas. In North America, the Columbian Exchange had a positive influence as well as negative.North America received many domesticated animals from the Old World, including horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and fowl. Although the animals provided valuable food, clothing, and energy sources, they caused mixed emotions in the Indians because the animals severely damaged important croplands. Not only did North America receive animals, but new plants too; America received plants such as black pepper, barley, wheat, rice, lettuce, su garcane, and rhubarb. They received domestic plants, animals and other goods from Africa, Asia and India as well.The Old World also exposed North America to numerous infectious and contagious diseases: including bubonic plague, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, leprosy, malaria, measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, typhoid, typhus, yellow fever, and yaws. Since the indigenous peoples had no immunity to these diseases, they took a major toll on the Indian population, causing a significant demographic decline. The indigenous people also suffered from the brutality and the expropriation of farmland from the Europeans.Aside from the negative, the Columbian Exchange allowed North America to grow and develop into a functional and effective civilization. Through the Columbian Exchange, Western Europe had the opportunity to expand their trade routes across the Atlantic basin, linking with Asian and Indian markets. In addition, Columbus’ voyage to the New World (America) inspired many Eur opeans to migrate there. Transoceanic migration to the Americas by the Western Europeans, gave Europe much more power in multiple places than they had previously had.As the Indian population declined due to disease and such, Europeans continued to pour into the Americas. Like North America, Western Europe received many domesticated plants because of the Columbian Exchange such as potato, corn, cotton, vanilla, and tobacco. In Ireland specifically, potatoes became a staple food for society. Crops such as sugarcane and tobacco were in high demand at this time in Western Europe; they were â€Å"cash crops† which increasingly improved agricultural prosperity and economy.An improving economy lead to growing cities; this is all attributed to the Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange had a profound influence on the vast spread of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and many infectious and contagious diseases through trade in both North America and Western Europe. The e ffects of the Columbian Exchange on Western Europe differ from that of North America in many ways; yet, there are also many similarities. It increased prosperity in both regions.

Legalized Red Light District in Canada

They say that prostitution is perhaps the oldest profession in the world. Ancient books, including the Bible, provide account of different activities pertaining to prostitutes.Whether in the setting of religious practices or in social contexts, prostitution appears to be a part of the lives of men and women in all places and in different times throughout history. In developing countries as well as in developed countries, there are red light districts.Although the laws of most countries prohibit prostitution, probably because of the influence of the Judeo-Christian tradition, it is an open secret that these red light districts continue their operations. Some countries, however, such as the Netherlands and Thailand, have implemented a rather unconventional approach to the issue and that is to legalize prostitution.A number of interesting issues arise out of this. From a policy standpoint, is it better to legalize prostitution since its existence in the society cannot be denied by peopl e? If so, what are the implications on this on the values of the society?Does it matter if the issue is brought out into the open? On a cursory glance at the issue, with legalization, the government can help ensure that women working as prostitutes are free from sexually transmitted disease, thereby protecting both men and women from these illnesses.Likewise, the government can help regulate the number of prostitution centers operating in any given city and there will be a better reckoning of the number of prostitutes serving in the country.On the other hand, there might be important implications of this policy on several institutions of the society, not the least on marriage and the family. Likewise, there are religions who feel strongly against prostitution—legal or otherwise. Given these concerns, which course of action should governments take?This paper looks at the issue in broader terms by looking at the pros and cons of the legalization of prostitution and a red light district. The experiences of the countries that legalized prostitution will also be looked at such as Thailand, the Netherlands, and Germany. Through this, there will be a grounded view on the matter. It will also explore the matter of legalizing prostitution in Canada while taking into account the legal, social, and cultural impacts of this kind of policy.Legalized Prostitution: the ProsProstitution, in itself, is already a very contentious issue. The issue of legalizing it and decriminalizing it is also a contentious one, especially for organizations, even religious denominations, and individuals advocating for women’s rights. The issue itself is complex and requires careful analysis if any given society were to make a stand regarding legalizing prostitution.Several countries have already legalized prostitution. The examples of these countries are the Netherlands, some states in Australia, New Zealand, Nevada, and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, prostitution in itself i s not illegal but there are several activities associated with it that are considered illegal. In these countries, prostitution is regulated and the governments constantly monitor people whose professions are in this area.There are also countries where prostitution is technically illegal but is allowed to flourish perhaps because of economic considerations and the poverty of people who are living in these countries (Farley, 2003).The most prominent reasons used as basis in legalizing prostitution is that it is impossible to eliminate and will only continue underground if left unchecked. Instead of letting people deal with prostitution underground, they decided to bring it out to the open so that the governments can regulate it better and prevent the occurrence or sexually transmitted diseases.Moreover, legalizing prostitution also limits sexual slavery and wresting the control away from criminal organizations promoting prostitution. This way, the government is able to generate addit ional revenue from it as well. In some instances, legalizing prostitution may also lead to greater sensitivity to the health of sex workers and their working condition, which are usually not the best of conditions.With this approach, the governments seek to take away the bond connecting prostitution and crime (Armentano, 1993).Paul Armentano (1993) presents several interesting arguments regarding the legalization of prostitution all over the world. In his article posted at the Freedom Daily, he says that prostitution can be seen in terms of ownership of people’s bodies who have the right to do what they want with it, including its sale for the purposes of sex.He also argues that thousands of American women make their living by engaging in sex work. These women have a steady flow of customers. The trouble, however, is that having sex with a prostitute is a sure way of contracting HIV and AIDS.Armentano (1993) also makes a case for better use of government funds. Instead of usi ng public funds for the crusade against prostitution, the government can redirect these funds for other more worthy spending. This money, instead, can be used to protect the public against criminals and help build infrastructures for people to enjoy. Besides, whatever war is being waged against prostitution is unlikely to win because prostitution is an enduring profession.

How To Write Every Day (and why you should)

How To Write Every Day (and why you should) How To Write Every Day (and why you should) How To Write Every Day (and why you should) By Ali Hale If you aspire to be a writer, and read tips from well known authors, you’ll have come across the advice that you should write every day. Sharon suggested this in the best way to start out in freelance writing: I recommend writing every day, even if it’s only for a little while. It makes writing part of your daily routine and it makes it easy to draw on the skills you have built up even if a particular writing project isn’t very inspiring. And shes in good company. Stephen King (in On Writing) tells fiction writers to aim for a target of 1,000 words a day, six days a week. Julia Cameron’s bestselling book The Artist’s Way has popularised the idea of â€Å"the morning pages† – writing three pages in your journal when you wake up. And if you have a blog, whether a personal or professional one, you might well be trying to publish something new every day (perhaps you want to emulate the success of blogs like ‘Daily Writing Tips’ †¦ ;-)) Knowing that it’s a good idea to write every day, however, doesn’t make it easy to do so! Often, you’ll be busy and struggle to find a chance to write – and when you do have the time, you may not feel creative. Here’s how to write fiction, journal entries or blog posts every day: Fiction I’ve found it easiest to write daily when I’m working on a longer piece of fiction, such as a novel. End each day in the middle of a scene (or even in the middle of a sentence), and you’ll never be faced with a blank screen at the start of your writing session. Have a target number of words or pages to aim for each day – perhaps working towards a deadline. I’d strongly recommend taking part in NaNoWriMo this November (or doing your own novel writing month before then); to â€Å"win† you have to write 50,000 words in a month – averaging 1,667 per day. It’s challenging, but will definitely help you to establish the daily writing habit! If you’re working on short stories, and aiming to write every day, I’d urge you to count planning, outlining and editing as part of your writing. You might find you need to allocate a day for coming up with ideas (brainstorming), a day for planning in more detail, then three or four days to write the first draft. Journal You don’t need to write in your journal first thing in the morning. If, like me, you’re a â€Å"morning person†, you might well find it’s a good time to think through your plans and hopes for the day in writing †¦ but for many people, finding time to journal before breakfast just isn’t practical. The important thing with daily journaling is to be consistent with when you do it. Pick a time of day when you’ll always write in your journal (before breakfast, during your lunch hour, last thing at night before you go to bed) and it will quickly become a habit. Also, try to see your journaling as a treat – a little chunk of time set aside just for you and your thoughts. It might help to buy a really nice notebook to write in (I have a lovely A4 hardback one for my journal), or to have your favourite drink or snack during your journaling time. Blogging Just because you want to publish a post every day doesn’t mean you have to write one each day: many bloggers write several posts ahead of time (perhaps at the weekend, if they have full-time jobs) then publish them throughout the week. Skellie, for example, suggests: Set aside one morning or afternoon on the quietest day of the week where you will write all non-news posts for the following seven days. However, if you have a news-orientated blog, you’ll need to cover stories as and when they break – writing and publishing on the same day. Or if your blog is a personal diary, you might be trying to keep it updated daily (especially if you’re posting your achievements towards a goal). In these situations, a deadline and a sense of responsibility to your readers can work wonders. Promise on your blog that there’ll be a new post each day, then set yourself a private daily deadline (eg. 8pm) and aim to hit â€Å"publish† before then. Even when you’re not in the mood to write, the embarrassment of letting your readers down will motivate you to get typing†¦ Are you trying to write every day? What sort of writing are you doing – and is it going well? Do you have any great advice for other Daily Writing Tips readers who want to establish a daily writing habit? Let us know with the comment form below! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Proved vs. ProvenPrepositions to Die With

6 Helpful Physical and Chemical Change Examples

6 Helpful Physical and Chemical Change Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In your science class, you may have heard of chemical and physical changes. But do you know how to tell the difference between the two? The answer lies in whether or not a change to a substance results in its molecules being rearranged. In this article, we will define chemical and physical and changes. Then we’ll take a look at specific chemical change examples and physical change examples to better understand their differences and similarities. So let’s get started! When ice cream melts (and goes from a solid to a liquid), it undergoes a physical change. Physical Change Definition First, let’s talk about physical changes in chemistry. A physical change occurs when a substance or object changes its appearance, phase, or is used in a mixture. More importantly, a physical change does not change the molecular structure of a substance. And you can reverse a physical change to recover all of the original matter, even if it doesn’t look exactly the same. In other words, in physical changes, the molecules from before and after the change stay the same! What is an example of a physical change? Things like cutting a piece of paper in half, freezing water into ice or bending some of your mom’s favorite silverware (don’t do that!) are all physical changes. That’s because physical changes only affect a substance’s physical properties, not the composition of their molecules. Still not sure about what constitutes a physical change? Don’t worry: we’ll dig into more physical change examples in just a minute. When logs burn, they undergo a chemical change. Chemical Change Definition In contrast, a chemical change takes place when the original substance’s of molecules are taken apart and put back together into new combinations that are different from the original combinations. Furthermore, the original matter cannot be recovered. And unlike physical changes, these changes usually use a lot more energy, such as heat and light, because the molecular bonds need to be broken in order to rearrange them. What is an example of a chemical change, then? Some chemical change examples include a piece of paper burning, a nail rusting, or baking a cake. Like physical changes, it’s pretty clear that the way these things start and end are quite different: a shiny nail turns orange with rust, and wet dough becomes a delicious dessert. The reasons these are chemical changes is that the change happens on a molecular level. Put another way, the object you begin with and the object you end with are completely different substances. So, let’s look at some more examples of physical and chemical changes to better understand the differences and similarities between the two. When this mallet hits the egg, the egg will undergo a (very messy) physical change. (P.S: Don't try this at home!) Physical Change Examples Earlier we talked about some examples of physical and chemical changes. But sometimes telling a physical change from a chemical change can be hard. This is especially true when physical changes require or expend energy. The important thing to remember is that in a physical change, the molecules remain the same. Let’s look at three different physical change examples to better understand this idea. Example 1: Phase Changes iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/W8CTuj78RbY" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe Phase changes involve changes in size, volume, and density. For instance, when you turn water into ice or vapor, this is called a phase change. This is because water has 3 phases: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor or steam). It may seem like some of the water molecules are lost during each phase change: the ice cube gets smaller, and steam seems to disappear into the air. However, in each of these three stages, the water molecules stay the same. And if you were to cool down the vapor, it would reform into water. Cool it down enough, and it would turn back into ice. There would be the same amount of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ice cube as there were in the steam, and these atoms will stay in the same molecular shape in all stages. Let’s take a closer look at what’s happening on a molecular level. Vapor is made up of H20 just like the ice cube. The only difference between vapor and ice is that the individual molecules have spread apart in vapor due to the application of heat. Meanwhile, in ice, the molecules group closer together because of the absence of heat. Though these phase changes require energy to be expelled (exothermic reactions) or applied (endothermic reactions), the number of atoms and the shape of the molecules in the substance remains the same. That’s what makes it a physical change! Example 2: Changes in Size and Shape iframe src="https://giphy.com/embed/30pdXVaJpzSO9vttAd" width="480" height="270" frameBorder="0" class="giphy-embed" allowFullScreen/iframepa href="https://giphy.com/gifs/universalafrica-umgsa-umusic-universamusicsouthafrica-30pdXVaJpzSO9vttAd"via GIPHY/a/p Like we mentioned earlier, physical changes are all about whether molecules stay the same or not. When an object undergoes a physical change, it can become a different size and shape as long as its composition stays the same. Here’s what we mean: if you have ever dropped a piece of glass on the floor, you know that it will break apart, exploding into a million pieces. If you really wanted to, once you swept all that glass up into your dustpan, you could probably fit it all back together (even though it would take a lot of time and patience). This is also a physical reaction because the glass stays glass. When it shatters, the glass changes size and shape, but its molecules don’t change. This is a physical change that only involves a change in size and shape. While energy helped shatter the glass into pieces, no energy was used to rearrange the molecules. Example 3: Mixtures Solutions iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Tck943uH2o" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe Imagine you are on a day out at the beach. The sun is shining, the sand is warm, and the seagulls are trying to steal people’s lunches. After playing in the waves for a bit, you decide to make a sandcastle. You fill your bucket up with sand and plop it upside down. The sand comes out but it doesn’t stick together. You forgot to add water! You try again, this time with water and voila, you’ve created your first tower like a master sandcastle architect. But why didn’t the sand stick together the first time? It has to do with a physical property called surface tension. Surface tension refers to how strong the bond is between a substance’s molecules. Water has a strong surface tension, so adding it to the sand creates a strong enough bond for the sand to cling together instead of falling apart. What makes this different from a chemical reaction is that the sand and the water, though mixed together, do not change their molecular structure. The water stays water and the sand stays sand. And if you were to measure the water that will eventually evaporate once the sandcastle dries, you will find that the amount of evaporated water is equal to the amount of liquid water you added to the sand originally. This is called a mixture because both substances (the sand and the water) retain their own physical properties. The same is true if you add salt or sugar to water. It seems like the salt and sugar dissolve and form new molecules. But if you were to wait for the water to evaporate, you would find that the salt or sugar molecules get left behind in the glass. This is called a solution. Solutions differ from mixtures in that they are homogenous. A single drop of saltwater would have the same number of salt molecules (NaCl) per water molecules (H2O) as another drop taken from the same solution. In a mixture, you might have more sand than water in two different handfuls, even if they were taken from the same bucket. These physical change examples should help you recognize the difference between a physical and chemical change. Especially when you compare them to the chemical change examples below. Dough turning into bread is a tasty example of a chemical change. Chemical Change Examples Both physical and chemical changes result in one thing turning into another. Whether it’s a glass breaking or burning a piece of paper, the original item becomes something different. So how can you tell the difference between a physical and a chemical change? It all comes down toyou guessed it!the molecules. In a physical change, the molecules stay exactly the same throughout the transformation. In a chemical change, however, it’s the molecules themselves that transform! Here are three examples of chemical changes to help you spot the difference! Example 1: Combustion iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xd1alir07q4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe Combustion is a chemical reaction between substances, usually including oxygen, that creates heat and light. The energy released by the reaction (in the form of heat and light) is caused by the breaking of molecular bonds. As a result, the original substances transform into entirely different substances because of the rearrangement of molecules, which is an example of a chemical change! For instance, if you mix oxygen (O2) with a type of hydrocarbon called methane (CH4), the molecular bonds of both substances are broken, which creates the heat and light. The bonds then reform to create two different molecules: carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Combustion reactions can occur at different rates, too. An example of a slow reaction is a match burning. A fast reaction would be dynamite exploding. The amount of energy released in any combustion reaction depends on how much energy is needed to break the molecular bonds. The harder it is to break the bonds, the more energy is released overall. But regardless of whether the reaction is fast or slow, combustion is a chemical change. Example 2: Decomposition iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1ocQhkHw_MM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe Decomposition is rather straightforward. A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. For instance, when an electric current is passed through water (H2O), it can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen or H2 + O2. In this example, water is broken down into its two elements. The result is a chemical change because the starting and ending molecules are different. You’ll notice that this chemical reaction needed electricity to happen. Decomposition reactions usually require the application of heat from an outside source, making it an endothermic reaction. Keep in mind that not all decomposition reactions have to break down into their elemental forms. More complicated substances with longer molecular chains may break down into smaller compounds instead of elements. An example of this is when 2Fe(OH)3 (also known as ferric oxide) is exposed to heat. Instead of breaking into its individual molecules, it turns into two compounds: Fe2O3 + 3H2O. Example 3: Combination iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w2ydd9rJHws" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe Combination reactions, also called synthesis reactions, are the opposite of decomposition reactions. These reactions occur when two substances (called reactants) are added together to create one new substance. And because this is a chemical reaction, the result is a molecular change! One example of this would be a nail rusting. While this may seem like a decomposition reaction because it seems like the nail is decomposing and falling apart. But actually, it’s a chemical change! Iron (Fe) and oxygen (O) combine to create the compound iron oxide (Fe2O3), which is rust. And as you can see, it also results in a completely new molecule. What's Next? Understanding chemical and physical reactions in only one part of what you need to know in order to succeed on either the SAT Chemistry Subject Exam or the AP Chemistry Exam. Here’s a complete syllabus for AP Chemistry to show you what you need to know, and here’s an SAT Chemistry study guide, too. Are you in IB Chemistry? We’ve got you covered, too. Here’s the complete syllabus, a comprehensive study guide, and some examples of past papers from the IB Chemistry exam. If chemistry has you stumped, it’s a good idea to check out some books that can explain challenging concepts in an easy-to-understand way. This post will help you find a guidebook that’s right for you. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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